在当代日益复杂的人际社会网络中，个体如何有效地处理社会网络中的人际交往关系必将是和谐社会发展的关键。共情，无疑有助于我们走向和谐社会。已有研究表明，共情能够促进人与人和谐相处、人与社会和谐相处、人与自然和谐共生。在探寻共情的文化源起时，我们发现，共情是中华传统文化的精华，需要继承、发扬和培养。共情作为个体社会生活中的关键能力，是儿童发展健全人格并适应社会需求应具备的重要软实力，所以培养共情应该从儿童抓起。

本书首先对共情相关的理论进行了回顾，在此基础上提出了具有一定学术前瞻性的儿童共情的注意双加工模型。为验证该模型，进行了一系列的实验。一是，第三章中，借助元分析技术考察了个体情绪共情和认知共情的发展差异，从而得以了解共情的毕生发展特点。结果表明，学前期儿童的共情处于以情绪共情为主的发展阶段，儿童共情处于共情发展的转折点上。二是，第五章中，采用行为实验法探讨了情境性因素对学前期儿童共情的影响。结果表明，情境线索会影响学前期儿童的共情，物理线索的影响强于社会线索。这意味着，共情具有一定的情境依赖性。三是，第六章中，结合行为实验法与眼动追踪技术探讨了情境性因素和个体性因素在学前期儿童共情影响中的作用。结果表明，学前期儿童的执行功能对其在不同物理线索和社会线索条件下的共情具有调节作用。随着前额叶的成熟，学前期儿童的执行功能也在这一时期得到了飞速的发展，可能对其情绪反应起到一定的调控作用。四是，借助元分析方法总结了已有研究中执行功能与共情的关系。结果发现，执行功能与共情显著正相关，执行功能与认知共情的相关强于其与情绪共情的相关，执行功能不同子成分中抑制控制与共情的相关程度最高。五是，第七章中，围绕学前期儿童共情的特点及其影响因素，本书提出了儿童共情的团体、家庭和学校三个角度的培养思路，更以亲子阅读为媒介，探讨了亲子阅读是如何促进儿童共情发展的。对于影响儿童共情发展的潜在宏观因素也进行了探讨。六是，第八章中，对全书进行了总结和讨论。一系列的实验结果综合表明，环境中的情境线索借由自下而上的视觉加工特征吸引个体的注意从而影响个体的疼痛共情，个体的执行功能则一方面能够直接调节情境线索对其疼痛共情的影响，另一方面可能通过影响由情境线索所产生的注意模式来间接影响个体的疼痛共情。该结果丰富并完善了疼痛共情的双加工模型，也为教育实践工作者更好地帮助学前期儿童产生和消解疼痛共情，提供了理论支持和实践支持。

关键词：儿童；共情；疼痛；情境线索；执行功能

Abstract

In the contemporary interpersonal social network,which is getting increasingly complex,how individuals effectively deal with the interpersonal relationship will be the key for creating a harmonious society.Empathy will undoubtedly help achieve this goal.Studies have shown that empathy can promote the harmonious coexistence among people,between countries,and between humans and nature.When exploring its cultural origin,we found empathy is the essential part of traditional Chinese culture and need to be inherited,cultivated,and developed.As the ability that the social life of an individual hinges on,empathy is an important soft power for children to develop a healthy personality and adapt to social need.Therefore,the cultivation of empathy should start from children.

This book reviews the theories related to empathy,and on this basis,puts forward a dual-processing model of children's empathy.In order to verify the model,a series of experiments were carried out.First,in Chapter 3,by using meta-analysis techniques,the differences in the development of individual affective empathy and cognitive empathy are investigated,so as to better understand the life-long development characteristics of empathy.Results indicated that the preschooler's empathy mainly focused on the affective empathy developing stage,a turning point in the whole process.Second,in Chapter 5,the behavioral experiment method is used to explore the influence of situational factors on preschoolers' em pathy.Results showed that contextual cues affect empathy in preschoolers,and the influence of physical cues is stronger than social cues.This means that empathy was situationally dependable to some extent.Third,in Chapter 6,by combining the behavioral experiment method and eyetracking technology,we considered the role of individual factors under the impact of situational factors on the empathy of preschool children.Results showed that the executive function of preschoolers moderates their empathy under different physical and social cues.With the maturity of the prefrontal lobe,the executive function of preschool children also developed rapidly,which may play a certain role in regulating their emotional responses.Fourth,the relationship between executive function and empathy in existing studies was summarized by employing the meta-analysis method,and it was found that executive function and empathy were significantly positively correlated,and executive function was more strongly related to cognitive empathy than to affective empathy.Among the different subcomponents of executive function,the correlation between inhibitory control and empathy is the highest.Fifth,in Chapter 7,focusing on the characteristics and influencing factors of preschoolers' empathy.This book puts forward three ideas for cultivating children's empathy from the perspectives of groups,families,and schools.Furthermore,we discuss how parentchild reading promotes children's empathy development.

Finally,in Chapter 8,we summarized and discussed the contents of the whole book.A series of experimental results comprehensively presented those contextual cues in the environment attract individuals' attention through bottom-up visual processing characteristics,thereby affecting individuals' pain empathy.On the one hand,the individual's executive function can directly regulate the impact of contextual cues on their pain empathy,and on the other hand,it may indirectly influence the individual's pain empathy by affecting the attention patterns generated by contextual cues.These results enrich and improve the dual-processing model of pain empathy,and also provide theoretical and practical support for educational practitioners to better help preschool children generate and eliminate pain empathy.

Key Words: Children; Empathy; Pain; Contextual cues; Executive function