Orhon-Yenisey Inscriptions refer to the numerous inscriptions written in old Turk language that remain in the vast areas from the Orkhon to the Danube,from Yakutia to the desert and the upper reaches of the Yenisei River.Orhon-Yenisey inscription literature is not only the first-hand material for the study of old Turk languages,but also plays an important role in studying the history of old Turk languages.Make clear the contents of inscription documents and focus on the ontological study of inscription document language,especially,a comprehensive review of the verb system will be of great academic value to the studies of turkic linguistics,altaic linguistics,central Asian history and the silk road.

The old Turkic language belongs to the Turkic family of Altaic,it is a typical SOV adhesive language with abundant additional elements of word formation and configuration.There are ase,singular and plural,hour,aspect,state,formula,positive and negative,person and number,nominal components(nominal verbs),adjective components(adverbs),adverbial components(adverbs)and other grammatical functional components.The upper part of the paper is to carry out the grammatical marking on the Inscription,the Inscription,the Inscription,the Inscription,the Inscription.and the fiveYenisey inscriptions,it is the first time to apply grammar annotation to the actual study of inscription language.In the specific annotation,content words are marked with Chinese semantics,function words are marked with English term abbreviations,the affix is divided into the smallest unit as far as possible for grammatical annotation.The annotation system refers to Huang Chenglong’s.Abbreviations are based on Leipzig glossing rules,Huang Chenglong(2005,2006)Litip(2012),Huang Haibo and Alimjan(2016).Combined with the traditional four-line comparison method in philology,the first line is the original line,the second line is the transliteration line,the third line is the analysis line,and the fourth line is the translation line,to describe the inscription language systematically,comprehensively and meticulously.It can supplement and provide references for the language research of early and modern Turkic literature languages and modern Turkic languages.

The second part is the lexical and morphological description of Orkhon-Yenisey inscription linguistic verbs.Since Danish linguist Thomson successfully interpreted old Turk in 1893,countries around the world have not only discovered a large number of inscriptions and paper documents recorded in old Turk languages,but have also conducted effective interpretation and research of these documents.However,throughout the current research results,there is still a lot of room for the study of literature language,especially verbs,especially in the domestic academic circles,there is no comprehensive study combined with modern linguistic theory.Therefore,from the linguistic perspective of the inscription,this book chooses the verb with the most abundant morphological changes as the entry point,and studies the Orkhon-Yenisey inscription literature.

First,the introduction and publication of the Orkhon-Yenisey inscription were introduced,review and summarize the linguistics research results at domestic and overseas advance.The main part includes the classification and word formation of verbs,voice category,positive and negative categories,temporal categories,aspect categories,static verbs,adverbs,system verbs and so on.In the verb classification section,we talk about the word-forming light verbs in particular,include bol-、qïl-and-qïs three forms.The morpheme part includes the main dynamic,the dynamic,the dynamic,the anti-body state,the interactive state and the common state.At the same time,the causative structure of Orhon-Yenisey inscription is introduced.The tenses include tenses suffix,personal tenses,past tenses,present-future tenses and future tenses.The aspect part of the verb includes eight forms: the possible aspect,the perfect aspect,the movable body,the presenting aspect,the persistent aspect,the repetitive aspect,the trial aspect,and the other forms.The formula category includes declarative and imperative-desirable,and additionally accounts for the case of conditional markers.There are two kinds of static verbs: noun verbs and adjective verbs.Adverbs include-a adverb、-p adverb、-uyïn adverb、-matïn adverb、-ɣalï adverb.Link verbs mainly talk about är-link verb.Based on the corpus annotation analysis of the three monuments,in the next part of the paper,we can describe the number of times that verb formation,affixes and grammatical categories appear in the three monuments,intuitive and comprehensive examination of the verbs in the inscription literature is also the innovation of this article.Integrated approach combining quantitative and qualitative,quantifying the word-formation,conformation and additional components of the verbs received in the three monuments.The meanings of various lexical and morphological categories are qualitatively described in a plane,so as to investigate the meanings of verb formation and morphological categories,on the basis of classification statistics,the three major monumental verb additional components and the appearance frequency of each form category are arranged,in this way,the performance of these additional components in the inscription language is examined,provide more reliable data for the study of Turkic language history.At the same time,after analyzing each chapter,we try to compare the verbs of ancient Turkic languages with modern Turkic languages,aiming to provide a reference for the diachronic study of the evolution and development of Turkic languages.The appendix is a verb list of all the verbs involved in the three monuments and the five Yenisei inscriptions,including the ancient Turkic Latin alphabet transliteration,Chinese translation,occurrence location,and example sentences.The appendix also contains some plates of the inscriptions of Orhon-Yenisey.

This book analyzes and describes the verbs in the inscription documents at the synchronic level.The synchronic description can provide the basis for diachronic research.It is necessary to understand the inherent characteristics of the verb forms in the turkic languages as a whole,make a comparative study of its history,first of all,a thorough synchronic study of verbs in the Turkic languages should be carried out.Find out the difference in “form structure and form meaning”,Only in this way can we understand the essence of the verb forms of the languages of the Turkic language family and make it possible to make a historical comparative study of the verb forms of the languages of the Turkic language family.

This book takes part of the relevant theoretical perspectives of historical typology.Language is not only a synchronic system,but also a diachronic system.This is the dynamic side of language development.Diachronic linguistics studies the development and changes of various stages of language,and studies the historical development of language.Old Turk inscriptions document language is the earliest common tribal dialect,when studying the language of inscription documents,diachronic linguistics is adopted.Put it into the vertical development of the history of Turkic languages,and compare it with the later Uyghur literature languages and modern Turkic languages such as modern Uyghur and Kazakh languages.By examining the development of its elements from ancient to modern times,we can grasp the continuity of the language system as a whole.

Statistics has developed into a scientific analysis method widely used in the natural and social sciences.In the study of linguistics,many branch disciplines have also adopted a large number of statistical methods.Practice has proved that the correct use of statistical methods and statistical results can provide accurate quantitative basis for qualitative descriptive research,thus reducing the subjective assumptions in the research,effectively explain the problem under study.The study of the inscription literature language is also the same as the overall situation of linguistics research.Previous studies mostly focused on qualitative research and descriptive research,and paid less attention to quantitative statistical analysis and research.However,with the continuous development of science,especially the widespread use of computers,it has provided favorable conditions for the quantitative statistical research of the inscription literature language.

Key Words: Orkhon-Yenisey; Inscription;Grammar Label;Verb;Category