科学社会主义理论不仅是马克思主义理论体系的一个重要组成部分，而且还是其整个体系的目的和归宿。事实上，马克思的哲学和政治经济学研究都是服从于科学社会主义目标的，即都是为了批判资本主义的社会制度，寻找资本主义社会的替代方案，最终使共产主义从空想变为现实。马克思“在批判旧世界中发现新世界”的研究思路，决定其对“新世界”的“发现”以对“旧世界”的“问题批判”为基础，而拜物教批判理论对资本逻辑的细致分析和论证，正是马克思构建“自由王国”的理论前提。

马克思拜物教批判理论语境中的拜物教，既包括作为“社会存在”的商品、货币、资本的拜物教现实，又包括作为“社会意识”的拜物教观念。从其基本内涵看，我们可对这一概念做这样一种概括：所谓拜物教，是指在资本主义社会的商品交换中物与物之间的交换关系遮蔽了作为商品价值之本质的人与人之间的社会关系。这种遮蔽又形成了资本主义社会特有的拜物教意识。所以，马克思的拜物教批判理论是对拜物教现实与拜物教观念、社会存在和社会意识的双重批判。

马克思拜物教批判理论是在外部思想语境与内在理论积淀的双重作用的条件下形成的。近代早期政治哲学的财产权理论将人的自由、生命等权利直接与私有财产挂钩，使物成为衡量人的权利的标准；古典政治经济学的财富理论发现了自由经济中“看不见的手”对人的操纵，触摸到了人类主体受制于自己创造的物质力量的社会现象；德国古典哲学的异化理论，通过黑格尔的“精神异化论”、费尔巴哈的“宗教异化论”和赫斯的“金钱异化论”，全面地揭示了主体被自己创造的产物所支配的颠倒性问题。这些外部思想都为马克思发现资本主义生产关系条件下的拜物教现象奠定了理论基础。如果说外部历史语境是促使马克思拜物教批判理论形成的加速剂，马克思前期的理论探索则构成这一批判理论形成的内在基础。青年马克思在早期就开始关注“物支配人”的问题，随着哲学和政治经济学研究的不断深入，在关注现实的同时，马克思的批判进路也日趋成熟。他最初在异化劳动基础上进行人学现象学的理论批判，后来前进到从经济现实的客观基础出发的奴役性分工批判和意识形态批判，最后站在拜物教批判的高度，展开了对资本主义社会现实的科学批判。

马克思拜物教批判理论的展开是对“物支配人”的“神秘性”层层揭秘的过程。马克思指出，从商品拜物教到货币拜物教再到资本拜物教，拜物教越来越具有“迷惑性”。商品拜物教的秘密在于商品的“价值形式”，商品形式在人们面前把人们本身劳动的社会性质反映成劳动产品本身的物的性质，反映成这些物的天然的社会属性，从而把生产者同总劳动的社会关系反映成存在于生产者之外的物与物之间的社会关系，这样，商品就成为“可感觉而又超感觉的物”；货币拜物教的秘密就是商品拜物教的秘密，只不过商品形式的拜物教在等价形式中更为明显，在普遍交换的社会，货币好像天生就是人类劳动的化身，而不是商品之间用来交换的中介，货币的神秘性就由此而来；资本拜物教是拜物教的完成形式，资本拜物教的秘密就在于资本通过对剩余价值的实现、转化与分割，掩盖了资本无偿支配无酬劳动和攫取剩余价值的剥削事实。此外，马克思还基于对拜物教现实的揭秘，进一步阐释了超越拜物教的现实路径。马克思认为，资本主义生产方式的内在矛盾推动了拜物教现实的内在消解，而超越拜物教的条件既需要物质生产发展所提供的丰富的物质基础和资本主义生产方式的颠覆，又需要人的发展和阶级意识的觉醒。

事实上，马克思对拜物教的批判就是对资本主义的批判。但是，这种对资本主义的批判绝不是一种抽象的说教，而是通过对资本主义的“三大批判”即经济学批判、哲学批判和政治学批判而层层展开的。马克思拜物教批判的第一层批判是对资本主义社会中“物”的经济学批判。马克思通过对“资本的本质是一种社会关系”的指认，打破了资本“普遍永恒资本”的幻想，揭示了资本主义社会的历史之谜。马克思拜物教批判的第二层批判是对资本主义社会中“抽象对人的统治”的哲学批判。马克思借助“抽象力”还原出资本主义社会的资本逻辑，揭示出“抽象统治人”的本质，变革了以往将理论引向神秘的一切旧哲学，实现了对以往哲学的超越。马克思拜物教批判的第三层批判是对资本主义社会中“人的生存状态”的政治学批判。马克思指出拜物教作为资产阶级剥削无产阶级的最有效的“政治形式”导致了人“自由个性”的丧失，所以，揭示拜物教秘密的根本目的是激发无产阶级的阶级意识，进而推动人类社会从“必然王国”到“自由王国”的跨越，实现“人的自由而全面的发展”。正是通过对资本主义内在本质的层层批判，马克思将批判的矛头直指现实的历史，实现了“对现存的一切进行无情的批判”的目的。

马克思拜物教批判理论作为理解当代马克思主义的一个重要切入点，不仅是所有试图反叛传统形而上学的努力首先要面对的问题，同时还是传承马克思的社会批判理论无法回避的理论方法。因此，作为一种社会批判方法的拜物教成为当代马克思主义者分析和批判“社会现实”的理论支点。可见，马克思主义理论从来都不是一种空洞的思辨理论，而是与人们的实际生活紧密结合，针对社会现实问题所形成的社会批判理论。作为马克思深入剖析资本主义社会的理论成果，马克思拜物教批判理论具有“改变世界”的实践品性。面对当今资本主义发展的新态势，马克思的拜物教批判理论对于我们理解数字资本主义生产方式的新变化及其社会关系的矛盾实质，坚持“中国道路”，克服拜金主义的荼毒，实现物质与精神齐飞的“美好生活”，具有重要的理论与现实意义。

关键词：商品拜物教；货币拜物教；资本拜物教；拜物教意识；资本逻辑

Abstract

In Marx's theoretical system,the theory of scientific communism is not only a part of Marxism,but also the goal and accomplishment of the whole system.Therefore,Marx's philosophy and political economy research are subject to the goal of scientificcommunism,that is,criticizing the capitalist social system,looking for alternatives to capitalist society,and finally making the Communist theory from fantasy to reality.It is Marx's research idea of“discovering the new world in criticizing the old world”that determines that his“discovery”of the“new world”is based on the“problem criticism”of the“old world”,and the detailed analysis and demonstration of the capital logic by the critical theory of fetishism is the theoretical premise of Marx's construction of the“Kingdom of freedom”.

The fetishism in the context of Marx's critical theory of fetishism includes not only the fetishism reality of commodity,currency and capital as“social existence”,but also the fetishism concept as“social consciousness”.From its basic connotation,we may make such a summary of this concept:the so-called fetishism means that in the commodity exchange of capitalist society,the exchange relationship between things obscures the social relationship between people as the essence of commodity value.This kind of cover formed the fetishism consciousness of capitalist society.Therefore,Marx's critical theory of fetishism is a double criticism of fetish ism reality and fetishism concept,social existence and social consciousness.

The formation of Marx's critical theory of fetishism is formed under the dual function of external ideological context and internal theoretical accumulation.The property right theory of early modern political philosophy directly linked people's freedom,life and other rights with private property,making things the standard to measure people's rights;the wealth theory of classical political economics discovered the manipulation of people by the“invisible hand”in the free economy,and touched the social phenomenon that human subjects are subject to their own material power;the difference of German classical philosophy Through Hegel's theory of spiritual alienation,Feuerbach's theory of religious alienation and Hess's theory of money alienation,this paper reveals the reversal problem of the subject dominated by the product created by himself.These external thoughts laid a theoretical foundation for Marx to discover the fetishism phenomenon under the capitalist relations of production.If the external historical context is the accelerator to promote the formation of Marx's critical theory of fetishism,Marx's early theoretical exploration constitutes the internal basis for the formation of this critical theory.Young Marx began to pay attention to the problem of“material dominating man”in his early days.With the deepening of the study of philosophy and political economy,while paying attention to the reality,Marx's critical approach is becoming more and more mature.At first,he criticized the theory of human Phenomenology on the basis of alienated labor.Later,he advanced to the criticism of servile division of labor and ideology based on the objective basis of economic reality.Finally,he stood at the height of fetishism criticism and launched a scientific criticism of capitalist social reality.

The development of Marx's critical theory of fetishism is a process of revealing the mystery of“thing dominating man”.Marx pointed out that from commodity fetishism to money fetishism and then to capital fetishism,fetishism is more and more“confusing”.The secret of commodity fetishism lies in the“form of value”of commodity.The form of commodity reflects the social nature of people's own labor to the nature of labor product itself and the natural social attribute of these things.Thus,the social relationship between the producer and the total labor is reflected to the social relationship between things existing outside the producer.In this way,the commodity becomes a commodity The secret of money fetishism is the secret of commodity fetishism,but the commodity fetishism is more obvious in the equivalent form.In the society of universal exchange,money seems to be the embodiment of human labor,not the medium of exchange between goods,from which the mystery of money comes;capital fetishism is fetishism The secret of capital fetishism lies in the fact that capital,through the realization,transformation and division of surplus value,conceals the fact that capital controls unpaid labor and grabs surplus value without compensation.In addition,based on the revelation of the reality of fetishism,Marx further explained the realistic path beyond fetishism.Marx believes that the inherent contradiction of capitalist mode of production promotes the internal digestion of fetishism.Therefore,the conditions for transcending fetishism not only need the rich material basis provided by the development of material production and the subversion of capitalist mode of production,but also need the development of human beings and the awakening of class consciousness.

In fact,Marx's critique of fetishism is a critique of capitalism.However,this criticism of capitalism is not an abstract sermon,but is carried out through the“three critiques”of capitalism,namely,economic criticism,philosophical criticism and political criticism.The first level criticism of fetishism criticism is the economic criticism of“things”in capitalist society.Marx,by pointing out that“the essence of capital is a kind of social relationship”,breaks the illusion of“universal and eternal capital”of capital and reveals the historical mystery of capitalist society.The second level criticism of fetishism criticism is the philosophical criticism of“abstract rule over man”in capitalist society Marx restored the capital logic of capitalist society with the aid of“abstract force”,revealed the essence of“abstract ruling man”,changed all old philosophies that led theory to mystery,and realized the transcendence of previous philosophies;the third criticism of fetishism criticism is the political criticism of“man's living state”in capitalist society,and Marx pointed out fetishism Religion,as the most effective“political form”for the bourgeoisie to exploit the proletariat,leads to the loss of human“free personality”.Therefore,the fundamental reason for revealing the secret of fetishism is to stimulate the class consciousness of the proletariat,and then promote the leap of human society from“Kingdom of necessity”to“Kingdom of freedom”,so as to realize“human's free andall-round development”.It is by criticizing the inherent nature of capitalism at different levels that Marx pointed his criticism directly at the realistic history and realized the purpose of“mercilessly criticizing everything existing”.

As an important entry point to understand contemporary Marxism,Marx's critical theory of fetishism is not only the first problem to face in all attempts to rebel against traditional metaphysics,but also an unavoidable theoretical method to inherit Marx's social critical theory.Therefore,fetishism,as a method of social criticism,has become the theoretical fulcrum for contemporary Marxists to analyze and criticize“social reality”.It can be seen that Marxist theory has never been an empty speculative theory,but a social critical theory which is closely combined with people's real life and aimed at social reality.As a theoretical achievement of Marx's indepth analysis of capitalist society,the critical theory of fetishism has the practical character of“changing the world”.Facing the new situation of e conomic globalization and financial capital,Marx's critical theory of fetishism has important theoretical and practical significance for us to adhere to the“Chinese road”,overcome the poison of money worship,and realize the“good life”of material and spirit.

Key Words: Commodity Fetishism; Money Fetishism; Capital Fetishism;Fetishism Consciousness;Capital Logic