工程是以造物为核心的实践活动，工程建设成果的核心标志是构筑一个新的、具有一定物理结构的存在物。工程活动的执行不仅仅需要人力、设备、原材料等资源，空间资源也是一类重要的工程资源。施工过程中，工程活动所需的空间资源也是指工程活动执行过程中对施工现场二维或三维空间的占用。空间是运动着的物质的存在形式和固有属性。在工程建设期间，工程构件和材料等本身需要占据一定的空间，设备运作和人力操作过程同样需要一定的作业空间。因此，建设工程项目活动执行除了对材料、人、设备等资源的利用和消耗，空间资源也是必不可少的重要资源之一。由于工程现场往往固定且空间有限，空间资源约束也成为许多工程管理问题需要考虑的约束条件。工程管理者往往为了加快施工进度、缩短交付期，安排工程活动同时执行，而忽视施工现场的空间约束条件，这容易导致活动之间的作业空间相互干涉。空间干涉是指在活动执行过程中，活动所需的空间被另一活动的资源占用，从而对自身活动执行产生一定的干扰和影响。空间干涉通常会影响工程的进度、质量以及安全，导致设备、人力等资源运行时发生拥挤甚至冲突。相关研究表明，空间干涉是施工现场经常出现的严重问题，会导致作业效率降低，作业中断，活动完成质量低下，参建主体间发生冲突，甚至引发安全事故。事实上，每个工程活动执行时的作业空间是否充足，是评估工程进度计划方案质量的重要因素之一。因此，空间资源已经被工程管理领域越来越多的实践者和学者予以高度重视。工程管理者在制定工程进度计划时应当将空间资源约束条件纳入考虑范畴，从而防止或减少活动之间空间干涉的发生，这对工程的施工管理实践具有重要意义。

本书首先基于目前工程空间需求、空间干涉等相关文献，对文献中的相关零散知识进行梳理和总结，包括介绍工程中的空间资源需求类型、空间资源属性，提出空间资源的数学化表达方法，对工程中的空间干涉进行系统的分类，进而对空间干涉的程度进行度量。其次，根据空间约束类型、活动执行模式等方面的不同特征，依次研究了考虑多重空间资源约束的工程调度问题、空间干涉影响下工期可变的工程调度问题、考虑空间干涉可接受性的工程调度问题、考虑施工位置—空间双重属性的工程调度问题、考虑空间干涉的工程反应式调度问题五类问题。最后，搭建一个基于BIM技术的空间干涉识别与应急管理系统框架。

从理论角度上，本书不仅丰富了工程调度和工程空间资源的相关研究，同时也是对传统项目调度问题研究的扩展。从实践角度上，本书的研究对现实工程管理具有一定的实践指导作用，可以为工程管理者提供科学合理的决策支持，有助于提高工程管理者的管理水平，提升工程建设施工企业的行业竞争力。

关键词：工程；空间资源约束；空间干涉；工程调度

Abstract

Construction is a practical activity centered on the creation,and the key symbol of construction results is the construction of a new existence with a certain physical structure.The execution of construction activities not only requires resources such as labor,equipment,and raw materials,but space resources are also a kind of important construction resources.In the process of construction,the space resources required by construction activities refer to the occupation of two-dimensional or three-dimensional space of the construction site during the execution of construction activities.Space is the existence form and inherent property of the moving matter.During the construction period,construction components and materials need to occupy a certain amount of space,and equipment running and human operation process also need a certain amount of operating space.Therefore,in addition to the use and consumption of materials,people,equipment and other resources,space resources are one of the essential and important resources for the execution of construction project activities.Since construction sites are often fixed and have limited space,space resource constraints have also become a constraint that needs to be considered for many construction management problems.Project managers often arrange parallel execution of construction activities in order to speed up the construction schedule and reduce the delivery period,but ignore the space constraints at the construction sites,which can easily cause interference in the operating space between activities.Space interference refers to that the space required for an activity is occupied by the resources of another activity during the execution of the activity,thus producing certain interference and influence on the execution of its own activity.Space interference usually affects the schedule,quality,and safety of the project,and leads to congestion and even conflict in the operation of equipment,labor,and other resources.Relevant studies show that space interference is a serious problem that often occurs at construction sites,leading to lower operational efficiency,interruption of operations,low quality of completed activities,conflicts between participants,and even safety accidents.In fact,the sufficiency of operational space for each construction activity execution is one of the important factors to assess the quality of construction schedule plan solutions.Therefore,space resources have been highly valued by more and more practitioners and scholars in the field of construction management.Project managers should take space resource constraints into consideration when formulating project schedule plans to prevent or mitigate the occurrence of space interference between activities,which is of great significance to the construction management practice of construction.

Based on the current literature on construction spatial demand and space interference,this paper firstly composes and summarizes the relevant fragmented knowledge in the literature,including introducing the types of space resource demand and space resource properties in construction,proposing the mathematical expression method of space resources,systematically classifying the space interference in construction,then measuring the degree of space interference.Then,according to the different characteristics of spatial constraint types and activity execution modes,construction scheduling problems with multiple space resource constraints,construction scheduling problems with variable activity duration under space interference,construction scheduling problems with acceptability of space interference,construction scheduling problems with location-spatial dual attributes,and construction reactive scheduling problems with space interference are studied.Further,the modern management technology of construction is applied to build a framework of space interference identification and emergency management system based on BIM technology.

From the theoretical point of view,this study not only enriches the related research on construction scheduling and construction space resources,but also extends the research on traditional project scheduling problems.Meanwhile,the research has certain practical guidance for real engineering management,which can provide scientific and reasonable decision support for project managers,which helps to improve the management level of project managers and enhance the industry competitiveness of construction enterprises.

Key words: Construction; Spatial Resource Constraints; Space Interference; Construction Scheduling