随着《天津条约》的签订，汕头于1860年正式开放为通商口岸，开始成为沟通海内外与整个韩江流域的枢纽港，并在随后的几十年间迅速发展，成为繁华的现代化都市。汕头开埠以后，西方列强相继到来，中国本土的商民也开始在此加强自己的势力。由于没有设立租界，汕头仍处在中国地方官的管治之下。面对发展贸易的空间需求，一些有资本的外国人开始在汕头谋求土地，而本土地方大族和商人则凭借传统买卖机制开发土地。他们运用各自的力量和手段，在汕头进行权力和利益上的较量，不断地“向海争地”。这一复杂的土地开发活动，促成街市、码头和商埠空间的拓展，并在没有总体规划的情况下形成了扇形的空间形态，为民国时期的城市改造和空间格局演变奠定了基础。

汕头在贸易、商业等多方面的发展，以及由此带来的优势，使其政治地位相应得到提升。1921年，汕头仿照广州成例设立市政厅，成为正式的建制市，并逐步实现从“无市政”到“有市政”的转变。市政当局不仅逐步践行“专家治市”的理念，同时也设立专门的职能部门，颁布地方性法规，使市政管理进一步专业化、科学化和法制化。汕头城市空间的变迁和发展由此受到市政当局的约束和管控。

在近代市政改良之风的持续影响下，汕头市政厅设立之初，便效法欧美改良市政，其中与城市空间相关的举措包括拆辟马路、管理建筑，等等，同时也包括筹划中的城市规划。1922年的“八二风灾”使汕头受到重创，市政工作陷入停滞。在随后的恢复中，市政当局接续原先筹划，对全市进行总体规划，其中最重要的是运用现代规划理念设计了汕头的城区路网，并规定了道路的等级及宽度。此项计划上呈省政府后因广东省政局不稳而中辍，直至1926年前后由市政当局重新推动并稍作修订后方获准施行，其后汕头的城市改造便在此项计划之下逐步实施，并形成了具有现代性特征的城市空间形态。在此过程中，虽然市政当局具有主导地位，但活跃于汕头的各地人士发挥了关键作用。他们基于各自对城市化和现代化的理解和认识，在复杂的制度背景和社会经济环境之下，利用相应的话语参与市政并进行协作。

随着城市的规划和改造次第展开，汕头城市建设快速发展，不仅人口急剧增长并复杂化，商业也日趋繁盛和多元化。在汕头的各行各业中，汇兑庄、侨批业、轮船行、出口商等大行业，对城市空间的发展和演变产生了重要影响。这些控制或拥有大量资本的行业所带动的资金流转和各地人群的商业活动，尤其是金融行业和房地产投资，直接作用于城市空间的生产和改造。由此，汕头市政时期的空间形态及其城市样貌，深受其外部金融、人群和商业网络的影响，城市的商业分布、地产分布，人群构成和城市景观，都凸显了其位于南中国海的枢纽港所具有的时空特质。

关键词：城市；汕头；空间形态；城市规划

Abstract

Following the signing of the Treaty of Tianjin,Shantou was officially opened as a commercial port in 1860 and began to serve as a hub port linking China（particulary the entire Han River basin）with the outside world,and developed rapidly into a prosperous and modern city in the following decades.After Shantou's opening,the Western powers arrived and local Chinese merchants began to consolidate their position in the city.Given the absence of foreign concessions,Shantou remained under the rule of Chinese officials.Faced with the need for space to develop trade,some foreigners with capital began to seek land in Shantou,while the local clans and merchants developed land through the traditional trading mechanism.They used their own power and means to compete for power and interests in Shantou,reclaiming land from the sea unceasingly.This complex land development led to the expansion of markets,wharves,and commercial ports,as well as the spontaneous formation of a fan-shaped spatial form without overall planning,which laid the foundation for urban transformation and spatial form evolution of the Republican period.

Shantou's development in various areas including trade and commerce,as well as its concomitant advantages,led to a corresponding boost in her political status.Following Guangzhou's lead,Shantou established a municipal administration bureau in 1921 and officially became an incorporated municipality,while gradually building her municipal administration apparatus.Not only did the municipal authorities gradually put into practice the concept of“experts ruling the city,”they also established special functional departments and promulgated local laws and regulations to further professionalize,scientificize and legalize municipal management.The changes and development of urban space in Shantou are thus regulated and controlled by the municipal authorities.

Shantou's municipal administration bureau was established under the continuing influence of modern municipal improvement,which included the demolition of roads and the management of buildings,as well as the planning of urban space,following the example of Europe and the United States.Shantou was badly hit by the typhoon of 2 August 1922,causing the municipal administration to come to a standstill.During the reconstruction which followed,the municipal authorities resumed their original agenda and drafted a master plan for Shantou.The key components of the master plan involved the designing of Shantou's urban road network with modern planning concepts,and the specifying of the grades and widths of roads.The plan was submitted to the provincial government and was suspended due to the political instability in Guangdong province until 1926,when it was repromoted and slightly revised by the municipal authorities.Thereafter,Shantou's urban reconstruction was gradually implemented under this plan,and gave rise to Shantou's urban space with modern characteristics.Although the municipal authorities played a leading role in this process,the people of Shantou were decisive in propelling Shantou's urbanization.Capitalizing on their respective understandings of urbanization and modernization,they participated in municipal administration and collaborated with each other by employing the necessary discourse under a complex institutional background and socioeconomic environment.

As Shantou's urban transformation proceeded according to plan,the city's urban construction developed rapidly.As a result,Shantou's popula tion ballooned and grew far more diverse.At the same time,Shantou's commerce also became increasingly prosperous and diversified.Among Shantou's various industries,large industries such as remittance agencies,overseas Chinese wholesalers,steamship lines and exporters had a significant impact on the development and evolution of Shantou's urban space.The flow of capital and the commercial activities of people from all over the world driven by these industries that controlled or owned large amounts of capital,especially the financial industry and real estate investment,directly acted on the production and transformation of urban space.As a result,during the existence of Shantou's municipal administration,the city's spatial form and urban appearance were heavily influenced by its financial,demographic and commercial networks,and the distribution of the city's commerce,real estate,demographics,and urban landscape all highlight the spatial and temporal characteristics of its status as a hub port in the South China Sea.

Keywords: City; Shantou; Spatial form; Urban planning