在经典理论中，农民常被识为保守、落后的代表，认为资产阶级社会中阶级对立简单化了，农民会随着资本主义的激烈竞争而最终消亡，在社会主义建设的过渡时期，引导农民走合作化道路最后过渡到社会主义高级阶段是农民解放的唯一途径。但是，中国社会主义革命和建设事业肇始于一个农民占主体的半殖民、半封建、生产力水平极其落后的农业大国的基础上，认识农民意识、价值观就不能简单粗暴地引用经典的马克思主义理论，而必须根据中国的国情、农情和党情，客观公正地看待农民这个群体，探索一条具有中国特色的农民现代化道路。书稿在对当前我国农民价值观研究现状理论总结的基础上，梳理了价值观研究的一般方法，回顾了中国传统价值观、西方价值观的基本特点以及农民价值观研究的一些初步结论。在建构农民基本价值观理论分析框架之前，对中国农民阶级社会不平等性、分化以及阶级意识变化进行了初步的分析，然后将哲学和社会学层面的价值观研究落实到实证层面。在借鉴施瓦茨价值观理论和问卷设计的基础上，设计了农民基本价值观调查项目，选择较具传统性的革命老区遵义市开展了为期两年的村、户、个体问卷调查。研究发现不管是用马克思主义经典理论还是施瓦茨价值观理论都不能很好地刻画当代中国农民的价值结构和优先序。当代中国农民在保有传统中国的孝顺、重视家庭伦理优秀文化的同时，也具有一定的开拓创新的现代精神。在婚姻、家庭、养老、社会、政治、法律等多维度观念上，表现出传统与现代相结合的特征。总体上，中国农民已卷入市场经济的大潮流，但文化水平低，缺少对现代社会所应有的知识技能，城乡分割发展的二元体制极大地限制了农民现代性的形成，不利于社会主义和谐社会和中国现代化建设的伟大事业。因此，在理论上要反思经典理论对农民意识、工农关系、城乡关系分析的历史背景和逻辑起点，根据中国工业化、城镇化、信息化和农业现代化进程，适时修改《宪法》层面对工农联盟的描述，着力构建工农平等、人人平等的新型社会关系和统筹、融合、发展的城乡关系。在重新认识传统中国农民的文化特征和传统乡村的文化价值基础上，提出具有中国特色的现代农民培育目标，并通过改革城乡分割发展的二元制度，制定有效的政策措施，着力于农民的现代化。在理论导向和精神文明建设的实践过程中，要引导社会彻底改变对农民的意识形态偏见，充分调动亿万农民的创造性，提升农民的社会主义核心价值观的认同感，为建设具有中国特色的社会主义事业再立新功。

关键词 农民意识 农民价值观 农民分层 新型工农关系 遵义市

In classical theory, the peasants are often recognized as conservative and backward representatives, believing that the class antagonism in bourgeois society is simplified, and the peasants will eventually die out with the fierce competition of capitalism, and in the transitional period of socialist construction, guiding the peasants to take the road of co-operation and finally transition to the advanced stage of socialism is the only way for peasant liberation. However, China's socialist revolution and construction began on the basis of a large semi-colonial, semi-feudal, and extremely backward agricultural country dominated by peasants; to understand peasant consciousness and values, we cannot simply and rudely quote classic Marxist theory, but must view the peasants as a group objectively and fairly in light of China's national conditions, agricultural conditions, and party conditions, and explore a road of peasant modernization with Chinese characteristics. On the basis of the theoretical summary of the current status of peasant value research in China, the manuscript sorts out the general methods of value research, reviews the basic characteristics of traditional Chinese values, Western values, and some preliminary conclusions of peasant value research. Before constructing the theoretical analysis framework of peasant basic values, this paper conducts a preliminary analysis of the social inequality, differentiation and class consciousness changes of the Chinese peasant class, and then implements the philosophical and sociological value research to the empirical level. On the basis of drawing on Schwartz's value theory and questionnaire design, a survey project on farmers' basic values was designed, and a two-year village, household and individual questionnaire survey was carried out in Zunyi City, a more traditional old revolutionary area. The study finds that neither the classical Marxist theory nor the Schwartz theory of values can well portray the value structure and priorities of contemporary Chinese farmers. While maintaining the filial piety of traditional China and attaching importance to the excellent culture of family ethics, contemporary Chinese farmers also have a certain modern spirit of pioneering and innovation. In the multi-dimensional concepts such as marriage, family, pension, society, politics, and law, it shows the characteristics of combining tradition and modernity. Generally speaking, Chinese peasants have been involved in the general trend of market economy, but their education level is low, they lack the knowledge and skills that should be required of modern society, and the dual system of urban-rural development greatly limits the formation of peasant modernity, which is not conducive to the great cause of socialist harmonious society and China's modernization. Therefore, in theory, it is necessary to reflect on the historical background and logical starting point of the classical theory analysis of peasant consciousness, worker-peasant relations, and urban-rural relations, revise the description of the alliance of workers and peasants at the level of the Constitution in a timely manner according to the process of China's industrialization, urbanization, informationization and agricultural modernization, and strive to build a new type of social relationship of equality between workers and peasants and equality for everyone, and urban-rural relations of coordination, integration and development. On the basis of re-understanding the cultural characteristics of traditional Chinese farmers and the cultural value of traditional villages, the goal of cultivating modern farmers with Chinese characteristics is put forward, and effective policies and measures are formulated through the reform of the dual system of separate development of urban and rural areas, focusing on the modernization of farmers. In the process of theoretical orientation and the practice of spiritual civilization construction, it is necessary to guide society to thoroughly change the ideological prejudice against peasants, fully mobilize the creativity of hundreds of millions of peasants, enhance the sense of identity of peasants' core socialist values, and make new contributions to the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. Keywords: peasant consciousness peasant values, peasant stratification, new type of worker-peasant relationship, Zunyi City（AI翻译）