福昌，忠厚人也，“讷于言而敏于行”，孜孜以求索于学术。在硕士阶段研习秦汉史，毕业后分配到华南农业大学农史研究室专门研究农业史，主攻农业环境史，2003年随我攻读中国近现代史专业区域社会经济方向博士学位。福昌的知识面广，从秦汉到近现代都下过工夫，这使他能够高屋建瓴，正确把握中国社会发展的脉络，敏锐感知传统社会向近代的转型。读博后，他由博返约，静下心来闭门读书，刻苦研读明清以来的典籍；不断思考，结合我所从事区域社会经济史研究的学术旨趣，终于在农业环境史与区域社会经济史之间找到切合点，完成了《生态·社会·共同体——明清以来闽粤赣三边地区生态与社会的互动研究》博士学位论文。毕业后，他以博士论文为基础申报教育部人文社会科学研究和国家社会科学基金后期资助项目，并得到立项。福昌将极大的学术热情投入论文的完善之中，经过近十年不懈地考察、思考、充实资料、反复修改，升华成今天这部名为《明清以来闽粤赣边的农业变迁与山区环境》的著作。通观全书，其主要成绩有如下几点：

其一，选题具有较为重要的学术价值。福建、广东、江西三省交界的闽粤赣边是一个比较特殊的地区。这里是著名的客家民系大本营，明清以来该地区商品经济大幅度发展，租佃关系日趋复杂，下南洋的移民运动不断掀起高潮，社会动乱、农民起义、苏区革命纷至沓来，抗日战争时期又成为福建、广东、江西抗战的后方基地。这些社会历史现象新旧杂糅、交织互动、十分复杂，有的积极、有的消极，但最终还是推动了闽粤赣边区域社会经济的转型。故而，这一地区是我们观察明清以来中国东南区域社会经济转型的重要窗口。民国以来，该区域的历史引起了不少国内外学者的关注，较为著名的有罗香林、傅衣凌、（澳）梁肇庭、（日）森正夫、（法）劳格文、（日）濑川昌久、（日）河合洋尚、唐立宗、陈支平、曹树基、温锐、卞利、何友良、黄道炫、黄志繁、饶伟新、肖文评、游海华等人的研究成果，为该领域的研究打下了较好的学术基础。但以往的研究侧重于客家民系、社会经济和苏区革命诸方面，本书则在此基础上，结合区域史和环境史的研究方法，在研究内容和观察问题的视角上取得了新的突破。

其二，具有较为明显的农史特色。作者长期在农业院校从事农史研究工作，广泛涉猎植物学、动物学、作物栽培学、农业地理学、农业气象学、土壤肥料学、农田水利学、林学、农业生态学、农业经济学等学科的知识，从古农书和当代农史研究的论著中汲取营养，与同类成果比较具有明显的农史专业特色。如第四章以地方志物产篇对动植物的分类为经，以当代作物栽培学、动物学和农史研究成果为纬，条分缕析地展示出各种物产资源的生境、功用、地位、采集利用、栽培情况，从而揭示闽粤赣边山区农业构成与山区富源的内在联系。再如第一、第四、第七等章，大量利用现代科学调查研究的数据与历史文献相印证，使一些被前人忽视的“没有价值”的死史料焕发出生机，不仅体现了农史研究的特色，也比较具有说服力。

其三，有意识地关注山区史的研究。我国是一个多山的国家，山区对于全国来说，面积约占70%、人口约占1/3、耕地约占2/3。山区在中国历史的发展中起着重要的作用。明清以来，人地矛盾凸显，加上新作物的引进，垦山运动声势日大，山区开发成了当时解决耕地不足的重要手段。傅衣凌较早注意山区史的研究，曾经提出农业资本主义萌芽“从山区发展到平原”的学术观点。近年来，张建民亦开始注意山区史的研究，出版了《明清长江流域山区资源开发与环境演变——以秦岭—大巴山区为中心》一书。但从总体上看，学术界有意识地对山区进行专门研究的成果还是很少。本书选择福建、广东、江西三省交界的闽粤赣边这个典型山区，在前人相关成果的基础上进行突破，具有一定的创新性。

其四，提出了一些新观点和新问题。本书因选择了前人关注较少的区域史、山区史和环境史结合的研究视角，较多地利用了农学的理论方法，因而提出了一些新见解和新问题。绪论开宗明义，提出把过去学术界自觉不自觉剥离开来的自然与社会重新融入同一共同体，即“自然社会复合网络”，并把这一概念贯穿全书。而闽粤赣边山区农业与山区环境就在这个整体的“自然社会复合网络”内不停而又有节奏地互动、变迁和新陈代谢。第一章从人与自然一体的理念、从整体史的角度出发，首先论述闽粤赣边山区自然生态和人文环境的历史概貌，提出大约在明中叶闽粤赣边山区形成了一个具有特定结构和功能的“自然社会复合网络”。然后，把闽粤赣边山区放到中国历史上中心区变迁的大势中来考察，认为该区具有“东南边区型”地域特征。第二章第二节参考杜赞奇的相关成果，认为民国时期在闽粤赣边山区施行的“国家政权建设”，在一定程度上推进了山区农业的发展。但在国家权力迅速渗入基层社会的过程中，因“赢利型经纪”膨胀，“国家政权内卷化”，又导致山区农业的凋零。第三章主要从人地关系的角度，结合族群认同和文化生态学理论，通过典型个案的统计分析，来研究闽粤赣边山区的移民运动及客家的形成，把该地区的移民运动分为“向内型”“向外型”两种及“自发”“自觉”两个阶段。这些概括和提炼都具有明显的原创性。另外，第四、第七、第八章较为系统地论述了闽粤赣边山区农业物产的利用、农业生产技术、山区环境的改良、山乡民众的生态知识及自然保护，这些都是前人注意不够的问题，在一定程度上填补了该区域在这方面研究的空白。第五、第六、第九章观照了过去学术研究较多的山区农业的商品化、租佃关系、公共土地等重大问题，但作者并没有人云亦云，而是把这些问题放在人与自然一体、在整体的“自然社会复合网络”内农业与生态诸要素互动的框架下，提出了独到见解，具有启发性。

鉴于上述突出的学术成绩，我乐于向学术界推荐本书，并希望福昌继续努力，不断取得新的学术成就。

是为序。

唐力行

2015年7月25日

Fuchang, loyal and honest people, "is sensitive to words and sensitive to deeds", and diligently seeks academics. After graduation, he was assigned to the Agricultural History Laboratory of South China Agricultural University to specialize in agricultural history, focusing on agricultural environmental history, and in 2003, he studied with me for a doctorate degree in regional socio-economic direction specializing in modern and modern Chinese history. Fuchang's extensive knowledge has worked from the Qin and Han dynasties to modern times, which enables him to correctly grasp the context of China's social development and keenly perceive the transformation of traditional society into modern times. After studying for a Ph.D., he returned from his Ph.D. to study quietly behind closed doors, and assiduously studied the classics since the Ming and Qing Dynasties; After continuous thinking, combined with my academic interest in regional socio-economic history research, I finally found a convergence between agricultural environmental history and regional socio-economic history, and completed the doctoral dissertation "Ecology, Society, Community: A Study on the Interaction between Ecology and Society in Fujian, Guangdong, and Gan Border Areas since the Ming and Qing Dynasties". After graduation, based on his doctoral thesis, he applied for the humanities and social science research project of the Ministry of Education and the National Social Science Foundation of China, and was approved. Fuchang put great academic enthusiasm into the improvement of the thesis, and after nearly ten years of unremitting investigation, thinking, enrichment of information, and repeated revision, it was sublimated into today's book entitled "Agricultural Changes and Mountainous Environment in Fujian, Guangdong and Gan since the Ming and Qing Dynasties". Throughout the book, its main achievements are as follows: First, the topic selection has relatively important academic value. Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces bordering Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi is a relatively special area. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the commodity economy in the region has developed significantly, the lease-tenant relationship has become increasingly complicated, the immigration movement in Xiananyang has continued to set off a climax, social turmoil, peasant uprisings, and Soviet revolutions have come, and during the Anti-Japanese War, it has become a rear base for the anti-Japanese war in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. These social and historical phenomena are mixed, intertwined and intertwined, very complex, some positive and some negative, but they still promote the socio-economic transformation of Fujian, Guangdong and Ganbian regions. Therefore, this area is an important window for us to observe the socio-economic transformation of southeast China since the Ming and Qing dynasties. Since the Republic of China, the history of this region has attracted the attention of many scholars at home and abroad, the more famous ones are Luo Xianglin, Fu Yiling, (Australian) Liang Zhaoting, (Japanese) Mori Masao, (French) Laugewen, (Japanese) Segawa Changhisa, (Japanese) Kawai Yoshang, Tang Lizong, Chen Zhiping, Cao Shuji, Wen Rui, Bian Li, He Youliang, Huang Daoxuan, Huang Zhifan, Rao Weixin, Xiao Wenping, You Haihua and other research results, which have laid a good academic foundation for research in this field. However, previous research focused on Hakka folklore, social economy, and Soviet revolution, and on this basis, combined with the research methods of regional history and environmental history, this book has made new breakthroughs in research content and observation of problems. Second, it has obvious characteristics of agricultural history. The author has been engaged in agricultural history research in agricultural colleges for a long time, and has extensively involved in botany, zoology, crop cultivation, agricultural geography, agricultural meteorology, soil and fertilizer science, farmland hydraulics, forestry, agroecology, agricultural economics and other disciplines. For example, Chapter 4 takes the classification of animals and plants in the local chronicle chapter as the scripture, and takes the research results of contemporary crop cultivation, zoology and agricultural history as the latitude, and shows the habitat, function, status, collection and utilization and cultivation of various property resources in a piecemeal manner, thus revealing the intrinsic relationship between the agricultural composition of the mountainous areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Ganbian and the rich resources of the mountainous areas. For example, chapters I, IV, and VII make extensive use of data from modern scientific investigation and research to confirm with historical documents, so that some "worthless" dead historical materials that have been ignored by predecessors are revitalized, which not only reflects the characteristics of agricultural history research, but also is more convincing. Third, consciously pay attention to the study of mountain history. China is a mountainous country, and the mountainous areas account for about 70% of the country's area, about 1/3 of the population, and about 2/3 of the arable land. Mountainous areas have played an important role in the development of Chinese history. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the contradiction between people and land has become prominent, coupled with the introduction of new crops, the mountain reclamation movement has become increasingly powerful, and the development of mountainous areas has become an important means to solve the shortage of arable land at that time. Fu Yiling paid attention to the study of mountain history earlier, and once put forward the academic view that the germination of agricultural capitalism "developed from mountains to plains". In recent years, Zhang Jianmin has also begun to pay attention to the study of mountain history, and published the book "Resource Development and Environmental Evolution in Mountainous Areas in the Yangtze River Basin of the Ming and Qing Dynasties: Centered on the Qinling-Daba Mountain Area". On the whole, however, there have been few results of conscious research in mountainous areas by the academic community. This book selects the typical mountainous area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces, Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and makes breakthroughs on the basis of the relevant achievements of predecessors, which is somewhat innovative. Fourth, some new viewpoints and new issues have been raised. This book puts forward some new insights and new questions because it chooses the research perspective of combining regional history, mountain history and environmental history that has been paid less attention to in the past, and makes more use of the theoretical methods of agronomy. The introduction begins with a clear meaning, proposing to reintegrate nature and society into the same community, that is, the "natural society composite network", which has been consciously or unconsciously separated from academia in the past, and runs this concept throughout the book. The agriculture and mountain environment in the mountainous areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Ganbian are constantly and rhythmically interacting, changing and metabolizing within this overall "natural social composite network". The first chapter starts from the concept of the integration of man and nature and from the perspective of overall history, first discusses the historical overview of the natural ecology and human environment in the mountainous areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Ganbian Province, and proposes that a "natural social composite network" with specific structures and functions was formed in the mountainous areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Ganbian around the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Then, the mountainous areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Ganbian are placed in the general trend of changes in the central area in Chinese history, and it is believed that this area has the characteristics of "southeast border area". The second section of Chapter 2 refers to the relevant achievements of Du Zanqi, and argues that the "construction of state power" implemented in the mountainous areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Ganbian during the Republican period promoted the development of mountain agriculture to a certain extent. However, in the process of the rapid penetration of state power into grassroots society, due to the expansion of "profit-making brokers" and the "involution of state power", it led to the withering of mountain agriculture. Chapter 3 mainly studies the migration movement and the formation of Hakka in the mountainous areas of Fujian and Guangdong and Ganbian through the statistical analysis of typical cases from the perspective of human-land relations, combined with ethnic identity and cultural ecology theory, and divides the migration movement in this area into two stages: "inward" and "outward", and "spontaneous" and "conscious". These generalizations and refinements are clearly original. In addition, chapters 4, 7 and 8 systematically discuss the utilization of agricultural products, agricultural production technology, improvement of mountain environment, ecological knowledge and nature protection of mountain people in the mountainous areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Ganbian Province, which are all problems that have not been paid enough attention by predecessors, and to a certain extent, fill the gap in research in this area in this area. Chapters 5, 6 and 9 look at major issues such as commercialization, tenancy relations, and public land in mountainous areas that have been studied a lot in the past, but the author does not follow the crowd, but puts these problems in the framework of the integration of man and nature, and the interaction of agriculture and ecology in the overall "natural social composite network", and puts forward unique insights and enlightenment. In view of the above outstanding academic achievements, I am happy to recommend this book to the academic community, and hope that Fuchang will continue to work hard and continue to achieve new academic achievements. is the order. Tang Lixing, July 25, 2015（AI翻译）