扶贫减贫是个世界级问题。作为世界上人口最多的国家，中国的扶贫减贫事业，不仅关系上亿国人的生活与命运，其经验和教训也有着全球性意义。

过去的三十多年，中国的扶贫减贫取得了举世瞩目的成就，解决了两亿多农村贫困人口的温饱问题。联合国提出的将贫困水平在2015年之前降低一半的千年发展目标，在世界各国中，人口多、底子薄的中国率先完成了任务。这也为全世界各国的扶贫工作带来有益的经验。联合国《2015年千年发展目标报告》显示，中国极端贫困人口比例从1990年的61%，下降到2002年的30%以下，率先实现比例减半。2014年又下降到4.2%，中国对全球减贫的贡献率超过70%。中国政府为缓解农村贫困问题所做出的种种决策和取得的杰出成就得到国际社会的高度赞赏，也为其他国家的扶贫工作做出示范。

中国扶贫开发工作的成功，是多方面因素和政策举措综合作用的结果。第一，改革开放后经济的快速发展为扶贫开发工作奠定了坚实的基础；第二，建设强化扶贫机构，加大扶贫资金投入，加强监督力度。做到扶贫资金用之有效，真正地用在贫困地区民众身上；第三，国家实施统筹城乡发展战略和“工业反哺农业、城市支持农村”与“多予少取放活”的方针，采取了一系列惠农政策措施，全面促进农村经济社会发展，广大贫困群众受益良多；第四，国家不断加大科技扶贫的工作力度，致力于推广先进的农业科学技术，普及农业科学知识，有效地改变了贫困地区落后的生产方式。

但总体来看，我国的贫困形势依然严峻。云南、贵州、广西、河南、四川等省、自治区的贫困人口都超过了500万。虽然整体的贫困发生率下降，但部分省、自治区的贫困发生率仍在15%以上。而贫困人口分布的区域大多比较分散，对于扶贫工作的开展和实施是一项巨大的挑战。在这种大背景下，因地制宜，精准扶贫就成为新时期扶贫的主导方向与发展策略。

精准扶贫是与粗放扶贫相对的概念，其实质就是将扶贫的政策和资源真正落实到贫困人群身上。而旅游扶贫则是产业扶贫和精准扶贫的重要组成部分。我国的贫困地区大多处于连片山区、有非常优质的旅游资源和生态环境。在我国832个国定贫困县中现有397个4A级和5A级国家风景名胜区。迄今为止，已有一批贫困村通过发展乡村旅游实现了脱贫致富。2016年国务院出台的《十三五脱贫攻坚规划》中将旅游扶贫作为发展特色产业实现精准扶贫的重要内容，强调要依托贫困地区特有的人文资源深入实施乡村旅游扶贫工程。而国家旅游局和国务院扶贫办联合提出：到2020年，要通过引导和支持贫困地区发展旅游使约1200万贫困人口实现脱贫，这代表着旅游产业在脱贫攻坚战中的重要的产业地位。

旅游扶贫作为一个新生事物，依然存在诸多不确定性。由于人们所处位置和看问题角度的不同，往往难以形成共识，在推广过程中，也不免出现诸多偏差。这也成为阻碍旅游扶贫健康发展的主要因素之一。为此，有必要组织跨行业、跨领域的专家、学者以及相关政府部门、旅游企业的人士参与对旅游扶贫发展的全面研究。通过总结国内外的各种案例、各地发展模式和成功经验，探索我国旅游扶贫发展的规律。在此基础上，形成旅游扶贫的全面评价体系，把软硬件评价有机集合起来，推动旅游扶贫进入良性发展轨道。

本书是构建中国旅游扶贫发展指数的首次尝试，在这个过程中，得到国务院扶贫办、中国扶贫开发服务有限公司、中国社会科学院新闻与传播研究所、人民网舆情监测室、新华指数等机构及相关专家的大力支持，在此一并致谢！

编者

2017年4月2日

Poverty alleviation is a world-class issue. As the most populous country in the world, China's poverty alleviation and poverty alleviation not only affects the lives and destinies of hundreds of millions of people, but also has global significance in its experience and lessons. Over the past 30 years and more, China has made remarkable achievements in poverty alleviation and poverty reduction, solving the problem of food and clothing for more than 200 million rural poor people. The Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty levels by 2015 proposed by the United Nations has been the first in the world to accomplish the task in China, which has a large population and a weak foundation. This has also brought useful lessons to the poverty alleviation efforts of countries around the world. According to the United Nations' 2015 Millennium Development Goals Report, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty in China dropped from 61% in 1990 to less than 30% in 2002, taking the lead in halving the proportion. In 2014, it fell to 4.2%, and China's contribution to global poverty reduction exceeded 70%. The Chinese Government's various decisions and outstanding achievements in alleviating rural poverty have been highly appreciated by the international community and have set an example for poverty alleviation in other countries. The success of China's poverty alleviation and development work is the result of a combination of factors and policy measures. First, the rapid economic development after the reform and opening up has laid a solid foundation for poverty alleviation and development. Second, build and strengthen poverty alleviation institutions, increase investment in poverty alleviation funds, and strengthen supervision. Ensure that poverty alleviation funds are effectively used and truly used for people in poor areas; Third, the state has implemented the overall urban and rural development strategy and the principles of "industry feeds agriculture, cities support rural areas" and "more to give less and let go", and adopted a series of policies and measures to benefit farmers, comprehensively promoting rural economic and social development, and benefiting the poor people a lot; Fourth, the state has continuously intensified its efforts to alleviate poverty through science and technology, committed to popularizing advanced agricultural science and technology, popularized agricultural scientific knowledge, and effectively changed the backward production mode in poor areas. On the whole, however, the poverty situation in our country remains grim. Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Henan, Sichuan and other provinces and autonomous regions all have more than 5 million poor people. Although the overall incidence of poverty has declined, the incidence of poverty in some provinces and autonomous regions is still above 15%. Most of the areas where the poor population are distributed are scattered, which is a huge challenge for the development and implementation of poverty alleviation work. In this context, targeted poverty alleviation has become the leading direction and development strategy of poverty alleviation in the new era. Targeted poverty alleviation is the opposite of extensive poverty alleviation, and its essence is to truly implement poverty alleviation policies and resources to poor people. Tourism poverty alleviation is an important part of industrial poverty alleviation and targeted poverty alleviation. Most of China's poverty-stricken areas are located in contiguous mountainous areas, with very high-quality tourism resources and ecological environment. Among the 832 state-designated poverty-stricken counties in China, there are 397 4A and 5A national scenic spots. So far, a number of poor villages have achieved poverty alleviation and prosperity through the development of rural tourism. In 2016, the State Council issued the "13th Five-Year Plan for Poverty Alleviation", which regarded tourism poverty alleviation as an important part of the development of characteristic industries to achieve targeted poverty alleviation, and emphasized the need to rely on the unique human resources of poverty-stricken areas to deeply implement rural tourism poverty alleviation projects. The National Tourism Administration and the State Council Poverty Alleviation Office jointly proposed that by 2020, about 12 million poor people should be lifted out of poverty by guiding and supporting the development of tourism in poverty-stricken areas, which represents the important industrial position of the tourism industry in the battle against poverty. As a new thing, there are still many uncertainties in tourism poverty alleviation. Due to the different positions of people and the angle of looking at the problem, it is often difficult to form a consensus, and in the process of promotion, there are inevitably many deviations. This has also become one of the main factors hindering the healthy development of tourism poverty alleviation. To this end, it is necessary to organize cross-industry and cross-field experts and scholars, as well as relevant government departments and tourism enterprises to participate in a comprehensive study of tourism poverty alleviation and development. By summarizing various cases, local development models and successful experiences at home and abroad, we will explore the law of tourism poverty alleviation and development in China. On this basis, a comprehensive evaluation system for tourism poverty alleviation is formed, and software and hardware evaluation are organically integrated to promote tourism poverty alleviation into a benign development track. This book is the first attempt to construct the China Tourism Poverty Alleviation Development Index, in the process, it has received strong support from the State Council Poverty Alleviation Office, China Poverty Alleviation and Development Service Co., Ltd., the Institute of Journalism and Communication of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Public Opinion Monitoring Office of People's Network, Xinhua Index and other institutions and relevant experts. Editor: April 2, 2017（AI翻译）