武新军

任何种类的历史研究，都离不开史料的积累，编订各类“年谱”则是积累史料的一种最好的方法。唯其如此，许多著名的学者才会把“年谱”视为史学研究的重要基础。梁启超曾把年谱视为“国史取材之资”，王瑶先生在新时期之初，也曾提出“由年谱入手，钩稽资料，详加考核，为科学研究提供必要的条件”的设想与规划。

在中国当代文学研究领域，史料建设和作家年谱编撰工作的整体滞后，严重影响着文学史研究整体水平的提高。几年前，我在《关于中国当代重要作家年谱的编制的几点想法》一文中曾指出：充分借鉴古代、现代作家年谱编撰的经验，有计划地推进当代重要作家年谱的编制工作，编撰出版一批高质量的作家年谱，可以突破制约当代文学史料建设的“瓶颈”，使其进入良性发展的轨道，可以为中国当代文学史研究的进一步深化奠定坚实的史料基础，并深入论证了系统地编撰作家年谱对于中国当代文学学科发展的意义。

近几年来，也有一些学者开始意识到编撰当代作家年谱的重要性，林建法先生在《东吴学术》杂志持续不断地推出当代作家、批评家年谱，并与复旦大学出版社合作，先后出版了苏童、余华、阎连科、范小青、阿来等一些当代作家的文学年谱。尽管这些已出版的年谱还存在不少问题，但无疑是中国当代文学史料建设工作的一个突出的亮点。

我们是在2011年开始着手“中国当代重要作家年谱丛书”的编撰工作的。在课题组反复沟通的过程中，我们逐渐达成了一些基本的共识：作家年谱应该是高水平的研究论著，是在长期梳理、消化史料的基础上浓缩的精华。作家年谱首先应该是对作家本人的研究成果，要通过对史料的精心编排，较为完整地复原作家的生平与创作经历，清晰地呈现出作家思想、文学观念发展转变的轨迹，准确地把握不同时段作家的生活方式、精神状态与写作方式，从而推进和深化对于作家作品的理解。同时，年谱又不仅是对谱主本人的研究，好的作家年谱应该是了解一个时代文学整体风貌的窗口，应该能够通过一个作家的成长环境与成长经历、社会活动和文学活动，整理出尽可能多的文学史发展演变的信息，复原当时文坛复杂的网络结构。只有如此，才能确保本丛书的学术质量和文献参考价值。

围绕上述目标，课题组经过几年的努力，多次聚集开封，召开年谱改稿会，终于完成“中国当代重要作家年谱丛书”（第一辑）的编撰工作。由于研究者学术个性、兴趣的差异，几本年谱在个性和风格上虽略有不同，但在研究内容、方法和整体目标上，却有着以下几个共同的基本特征：

（1）尽可能地拓展了年谱史料采集的来源。章学诚曾说：年谱是“有补于知人论世之学，不仅区区考一人文集已也”，征引史料的范围狭小，容易导致年谱的内容贫乏。在编制年谱时，我们除了遍寻作家本人的著述外，还广泛查阅与其关系密切的人物（家人、亲友、同事、编辑、研究者）的论著和回忆文章。条件许可的，还围绕相关问题对知情者进行采访，把书面与口述材料结合起来。同时把作家生活、工作所在地的地方史志、文学年鉴、地方文学发展文献、地方文学研究成果等，也纳入了史料采集的范围。面对庞大而散乱的著述，我们也有所侧重：重视作家自述与访谈、书信和日记，这里面有着更多的有价值的历史细节和闪光的碎片；更为重视文章发表的原始刊物和初版本，而不是简单地抄录选集、文集、回忆录、研究论著等。一方面，可以避免以讹传讹，最大限度地减少史料的错误；另一方面，也是为了能有新的发现，发表在刊物上的作品和初版本，带有更多的原初形态，它们是与诞生时的复杂的社会语境联系在一起的，在刊发作品时往往会附有编者按、作家创作谈、批评家与读者评价等，从中更容易发掘出有价值的文学史的信息。

我们也看重各类电子文本，充分利用“中国知网”“维普”“报刊目录索引”“超星发现系统”“读秀学术搜索”“全国报刊索引数据库”等现代电子检索工具，可以使史料的检索工作事半功倍。但也不能过分依赖电子检索，因为20世纪90年代之前的大量图书文献、许多地方文学报刊，甚至某些名刊大刊，尚未录入上述检索系统。有些“作家传略”“作品目录”“作品系年”包括部分已经出版的当代作家年谱，更多依赖上述电子检索系统，收入检索系统的篇目，大多被收目，而未录入检索系统的，则只能付之阙如。许多年谱或“准年谱”，20世纪90年代之后的材料较为充分，而此前的材料较为薄弱。因此，在编撰当代作家年谱时，要处理好翻阅原始报刊与借用电子检索的关系，使其相互补充，相互资益。

（2）在描述作家的个人行迹和著述时，力求做到“详尽细致”“选精择粹”。所谓“详尽细致”，就是在“考订事迹之详”“排定年月之细”上见功力。特别是对于作家重要的成长经历，对于作家思想和文学观念的重大转换的过程，要想尽一切办法，逐年逐月乃至逐日进行排查，尽量使其完整，不留重要的空白。作家早年的经历，一般材料比较少，可以简要交代人文、地理、语言环境对作家的影响。对于作家的重要经历，也有穷尽了一切办法，还是不能解决问题的情况，这就需要按照统一的规范“存疑”：具体日期考订不清者，则列于该月之末；具体月份不详者，则列于季节之末；季节考订不清者，则列于该年之末。细致地排定年月日，是为了有利于后继者的拾遗补阙。

“详尽细致”并非“巨细靡遗”，有些不成功的年谱，过分罗列生活起居等琐碎的事实，反而淹没了作家思想、文学观念变迁的次序。为了避免这一缺陷，我们突出强调对史料要“选精择粹”：不能反映作家成长经历的材料，要尽量舍弃；在辑录作家、评论者的著作时，除非具有珍贵的史料价值，一般不做大段的引述；对能够反映出作者思想、文学观念变革的重要文章，则坚持“择要摘录，分年编入”的原则。在摘录时，或仅摘取其一两段，或只摘录几个精彩的句子，旨在深化对作家的理解，并保证年谱不失钩玄提要的功效。

（3）高度重视作家与同时代的作家、批评家的关系。考究师友渊源、生徒授受，是传统年谱编撰工作的重中之重，我们对此也有所借鉴。在录用同时代作家、批评家的材料时，尽可能简短精练，力避“喧宾夺主”。凡有所征引，必须有助于理解谱主本人成长的环境、社会风气和文学风尚，或者能展示作家、批评家与谱主相互影响、相互促进的关系。为更清晰地呈现谱主思想、文学观念演进的轨迹，当年刊发的重要研究论著，以存目的方式列于该年之末，并遴选最具褒贬之意的观点，摘要录于该年年谱之中。

（4）高度重视重大政治、历史、文化事件，尤其是文学事件对作家的影响。“文变染乎世情”，在作家的生存方式、精神状态、文学观念与时代潮流之间，存在着相互影响、相互制约与相互促进的复杂的纠缠关系，要想清理作家思想和文学观念演变的轨迹及其原因，必须对“时事”与“作家”关系进行全方位的深度挖掘。中国古代和现代作家年谱，凡具有较高史料价值与文献价值的，往往都能够把政治史、文化史与文学的整体风貌勾连起来，使其他研究领域的学者，也能从作家年谱中受益。

（5）高度重视作家与各类文学传媒的关系。如今有过30年以上创作经历的作家，在创作起步、发展乃至成名之后，都对文学出版和文学报刊这类传统媒体有着强烈的依赖关系，出版社和文学报刊的约稿、改稿、刊稿行为，以及他们所召开的笔会、改稿会、研讨会、座谈会以及评奖等文学活动，都会对作家的文学观念、写作方式、文学文体、表达方式等产生极其深刻的影响，对此我们予以高度关注，期盼能从这个角度打捞出更多的有意义的历史碎片，为研究者重建文学史的整体性提供重要的材料。当然，我们也没有忽视新兴媒体对作家的影响：在20世纪90年代之前，广播电台是一种强势媒体，许多作家是通过广播而扬名立万的，许多作品是通过空中电波而被广泛认可的。90年代以后，影视网络的迅猛发展，深刻地改变了作家的生存方式与写作方式。在年谱丛书的编撰中，我们对各类传媒与作家的关系进行了深入的发掘，期望能够积少成多，在广泛搜求这一类史料的基础上，揭示出文学传媒结构的变革与文学历史发展之间的内在关联。

在整理当代重要作家年谱时，我们都会遭遇一个难题：在20世纪90年代中后期媒体批评崛起之后，作家们频繁地对各类媒体发言，往往会“新见”与“旧识”杂陈，而各类媒体对作家的“访谈”，不顾“创新”而相互“套用”几成普遍现象。对此我们既不能回避，也不能简单地套用，我们更需要在泥沙俱下的媒体批评中“披沙拣金”，寻找作家思想、文学观念发展演变的轨迹。媒体批评的泛滥给史料整理工作所带来的挑战，我们必须认真地面对。

作家年谱的编撰是件非常艰苦的工作，要想一下子做到翔实完整、无所错讹，是非常困难的。许多成功的年谱，都是在反复补充和修订中完成的。唯其如此，中国古代和现代的年谱编撰，才会不断地出现“年谱补编”“年谱新编”“年谱改编”之类的著作。因此，呈现在大家面前的这套年谱丛书，都可以说是年谱“初稿”或“初编”，遗漏或者失误之处在所难免，我们热忱地欢迎学界同人批评指正，欢迎在此基础上钩沉补遗，考订错讹，增益完善。就中国当代文学学科而言，作家年谱编撰是一项最基础的工作，只有具有一定的规模，才能够产生良好的效益，我们也期待能够有更多的朋友加入到这项工作中来。

2016年2月18日

Any kind of historical research of the Wu Xinjun is inseparable from the accumulation of historical materials, and compiling various "chronologies" is the best way to accumulate historical materials. Only in this way will many famous scholars regard the "chronology" as an important basis for historical research. At the beginning of the new period, Mr. Wang Yao also put forward the idea and planning of "starting from the chronology, hooking the data, and evaluating it in detail to provide the necessary conditions for scientific research". In the field of contemporary Chinese literature, the overall lag in the construction of historical materials and the compilation of writers' chronology seriously affects the improvement of the overall level of literary history research. A few years ago, I pointed out in my article "Some Thoughts on the Compilation of the Annals of Important Contemporary Chinese Writers": Fully drawing on the experience of compiling the chronology of ancient and modern writers, systematically promoting the compilation of the chronology of important contemporary writers, and compiling and publishing a number of high-quality writers' chronology, we can break through the "bottleneck" that restricts the construction of contemporary literary historical materials, put them on the track of benign development, and lay a solid historical foundation for the further deepening of the study of contemporary Chinese literary history. He also deeply demonstrated the significance of systematically compiling the chronology of writers to the development of contemporary Chinese literature. In recent years, some scholars have begun to realize the importance of compiling the chronology of contemporary writers, Mr. Lin Jianfa has continuously published the chronology of contemporary writers and critics in the journal Soochow Academic, and cooperated with Fudan University Press to publish the literary yearbooks of some contemporary writers such as Su Tong, Yu Hua, Yan Lianke, Fan Xiaoqing, and A Lai. Although there are still many problems with these published chronologies, they are undoubtedly a prominent highlight in the construction of historical materials for contemporary Chinese literature. In 2011, we began to compile the "Annals of Important Contemporary Chinese Writers Series". In the process of repeated communication between the research group, we gradually reached some basic consensus: the writer's chronology should be a high-level research work, which is a condensed essence on the basis of long-term combing and digesting historical materials. The writer's chronology should first be the research results of the writer himself, and through the careful arrangement of historical materials, it should restore the life and creative experience of the writer more completely, clearly present the trajectory of the development and transformation of the writer's thinking and literary concepts, and accurately grasp the lifestyle, mental state and writing style of the writer at different times, so as to promote and deepen the understanding of the writer's work. At the same time, the chronology is not only a study of the composer himself, a good writer's chronology should be a window to understand the overall style of literature of an era, and should be able to sort out as much information as possible on the development and evolution of literary history through a writer's growth environment and growth experience, social activities and literary activities, and restore the complex network structure of the literary world at that time. Only in this way can the academic quality and documentary reference value of this series be ensured. Focusing on the above goals, after several years of efforts, the research group gathered in Kaifeng many times, held a yearbook revision meeting, and finally completed the compilation of the "Annals of Important Contemporary Chinese Writers Series" (the first series). Due to the differences in academic personality and interest of researchers, although the genealogies are slightly different in personality and style, they have the following basic characteristics in terms of research content, methods and overall goals: (1) It expands the sources of historical data collection as much as possible. Zhang Xuecheng once said: The chronology is "a study that complements the knowledge of people and the world, not only the examination of a collection of literature", and the narrow scope of historical materials is easy to lead to the lack of content of the chronology. In compiling the chronology, in addition to the writings of the writers themselves, we also extensively consult the writings and memoirs of people close to him (family, friends, colleagues, editors, researchers). Where possible, interviews with informed persons are also conducted around relevant issues, combining written and oral materials. At the same time, local historical records, literary yearbooks, local literature development documents, and local literary research results of the places where writers lived and worked are also included in the scope of historical collection. In the face of large and scattered writings, we also focus on the writer's self-statements and interviews, letters and diaries, which have more valuable historical details and shining fragments; More attention should be paid to the original journal and first edition of the article, rather than simply copying anthologies, anthologies, memoirs, research works, etc. On the one hand, it can avoid false rumors and minimize errors in historical materials; On the other hand, it is also in order to make new discoveries, and the works and first editions published in journals have more original forms, which are linked to the complex social context in which they were born, and are often accompanied by editor's notes, writers' creative talks, critics' and readers' evaluations when publishing works, etc., from which it is easier to discover valuable literary history information. We also attach importance to all kinds of electronic texts, and make full use of modern electronic retrieval tools such as "CNKI", "Weipu", "Newspaper and Periodical Catalogue Index", "Superstar Discovery System", "Yomiu Academic Search", "National Newspaper Index Database" and so on, which can make the retrieval of historical materials twice as effective. However, we should not rely too much on electronic search, because a large number of books and literature, many local literary newspapers and even some famous periodicals before the 90s of the 20th century have not yet been entered into the above-mentioned search system. Some "biographies of writers", "catalogues of works" and "chronology of works" include some published chronologies of contemporary writers, and rely more on the above-mentioned electronic retrieval system, and most of the articles included in the retrieval system are included, while those that are not entered into the retrieval system can only be absent. Many chronologies or "quasi-chronology", the material after the 90s of the 20th century is more sufficient, while the previous material is weaker. Therefore, when compiling the chronology of contemporary writers, it is necessary to properly handle the relationship between reading original newspapers and periodicals and borrowing electronic search, so that they complement each other and benefit each other. (2) When describing the personal deeds and writings of writers, strive to be "detailed and meticulous" and "select the essence". The so-called "detailed and meticulous" means to see the skill in "examining the details of deeds" and "scheduling the details of the year and month". Especially for the important growth experience of writers, for the process of major transformation of writers' thinking and literary concepts, we must do everything possible to check it year by year, month by month and even day by day, and try to make it complete without leaving important gaps. The writer's early experience is generally less material, and it can briefly explain the influence of humanities, geography, and language environment on the writer. For the important experience of the writer, there are also cases where all means have been exhausted, but the problem cannot be solved, which requires "doubts" according to a unified norm: if the specific date is not clear, it is listed at the end of the month; If the specific month is unknown, it is listed at the end of the season; If the season is not clear, it will be listed at the end of the year. The meticulous arrangement of dates, months and days is to facilitate the collection of missing gaps for successors. "Detailed and meticulous" is not "meticulous", some unsuccessful chronologies, excessive listing of trivial facts such as life and life, but drowning the order of changes in writers' thoughts and literary concepts. In order to avoid this defect, we emphasize the need to "select the best" of historical materials: materials that do not reflect the writer's growth experience should be discarded as much as possible; When collecting the works of writers and critics, unless they have precious historical value, they are generally not quoted in large paragraphs; For important articles that can reflect the changes in the author's thinking and literary concepts, the principle of "selecting excerpts and compiling them in separate years" is adhered to. When excerpting, either only one or two of it, or only a few wonderful sentences, the aim is to deepen the understanding of the writer and ensure that the chronology does not lose its power as a synopsis. (3) Attach great importance to the relationship between writers and their contemporaries and critics. Studying the origins of mentors and friends and teaching students and apprentices is the most important task in the compilation of traditional chronology, and we have also learned from this. When hiring materials from contemporary writers and critics, keep it as short and concise as possible, and avoid "overpowering". Any citation must help to understand the environment, social ethos and literary style in which the composer grew up, or demonstrate the relationship between writers, critics and genealogists who influence and promote each other. In order to more clearly present the trajectory of the evolution of the main ideas and literary concepts, the important research papers published that year are listed at the end of the year in a purposeful manner, and the most positive and negative views are selected and summarized in the year's chronicle. (4) Attach great importance to the impact of major political, historical and cultural events, especially literary events, on writers. In order to clean up the trajectory of the evolution of writers' ideas and literary concepts and their causes, it is necessary to conduct all-round in-depth excavation of the relationship between "current affairs" and "writers". The chronology of ancient and modern Chinese writers, which has high historical and documentary value, can often link political history, cultural history and the overall style of literature, so that scholars in other fields of research can also benefit from the chronology of writers. (5) Attach great importance to the relationship between writers and various literary media. Nowadays, writers with more than 30 years of creative experience, after the beginning, development and even fame, have a strong dependence on traditional media such as literary publishing and literary newspapers and periodicals, and the commissioning, revision, and publication behavior of publishing houses and literary newspapers and periodicals, as well as the literary activities such as pen meetings, revision meetings, seminars, symposiums and awards they hold, will have an extremely profound impact on writers' literary concepts, writing methods, literary styles, and expression methods, which we pay close attention to. It is hoped that more meaningful historical fragments can be salvaged from this perspective, and provide important materials for researchers to reconstruct the integrity of literary history. Of course, we have not ignored the influence of emerging media on writers: before the 90s of the 20th century, radio was a strong medium, many writers made a name for themselves through radio, and many works were widely recognized through aerial airwaves. After the 90s, the rapid development of film and television networks has profoundly changed the way writers live and write. In the compilation of the chronology series, we have conducted in-depth exploration of the relationship between various media and writers, hoping to accumulate small amounts and reveal the intrinsic relationship between the transformation of literary media structure and the development of literary history on the basis of extensive search for such historical materials. When sorting out the chronology of important contemporary writers, we will all encounter a difficult problem: after the rise of media criticism in the mid-to-late 90s of the 20th century, writers frequently spoke to various media, often mixing "new views" and "old knowledge", and the "interviews" of writers by various media ignored "innovation" and "applied" each other to become a common phenomenon. We can neither avoid nor simply apply this, we need to "pick gold from the sand" in the muddy media criticism, and look for the trajectory of the development and evolution of writers' ideas and literary concepts. The challenges posed by the proliferation of media criticism to the work of collating historical materials must be seriously confronted. The compilation of a writer's chronology is a very hard work, and it is very difficult to achieve a detailed and complete picture at once. Many successful chronologies are completed through repeated additions and revisions. Only in this way will the compilation of ancient and modern Chinese chronicles continue to appear such works as "Annals Supplement", "New Annals Compilation" and "Annals Adaptations". Therefore, the set of chronology books presented to you can be said to be the "first draft" or "first compilation" of the chronology, and omissions or mistakes are inevitable, and we warmly welcome criticism and correction from academic circles, and welcome to hook and sink on this basis, examine mistakes, and gain perfection. As far as the discipline of contemporary Chinese literature is concerned, the compilation of writers' chronology is the most basic work, and only with a certain scale can it produce good benefits, and we look forward to more friends joining this work. February 18, 2016（AI翻译）