一 国内外研究现状评述、选题意义和价值

以往岭南港口的研究主要集中在：①广州、澳门等港口史：《广州港史》（1985）,《黄埔港史》（1989）,《澳门港史资料汇编（1553—1986）》（1991）等；②近代口岸开放与经济社会资料研究：金应熙等《试论香港经济发展的历史过程》（1985），余绳武等《十九世纪的香港》（1994）,《近代广州口岸经济社会概况——粤海关报告汇集》（1995），邓开颂《粤港澳近代关系史》（1996）,《近代拱北海关报告汇编》（1998），张晓辉《香港与近代中国对外贸易》（2000）等。

以往岭南海外交通史的论著，举凡中外交通史的著作都有所涉及。陈高华《宋元时期的海外贸易》（1981）和《海上丝绸之路》（1991）、《中国海外交通史》（1997）；李金明《明代海外贸易》（1990）和《中国古代海外贸易史》（1995）等。而岭南海外交通与贸易史的著作有：梁家彬《广东十三行》（1937），关履权《宋代广州的海外贸易》（1994），徐德志等《广东对外经济贸易史》（1994），蔡鸿生《广州与海洋文明》（1997），黄启臣等《广东海上丝绸之路史》（2003），台湾师大范毅军《对外贸易与韩江流域手工业的变迁》（1981）等。港澳学者成果多以香港史、澳门史为内容加以研究，[日]桑原骘藏、藤田丰八等对古代中国的海外贸易也有研究；[法]路易·德尔米尼《中国与西方：18世纪广州的对外贸易》（1964）对18世纪广州对外贸易有深入研究。

以上研究主要从港口史、近代口岸等方面研究岭南港口，而海外交通也多从中外商贸往来探讨中外关系。有关岭南中小港口的研究，以及与中外商贸联系纽带的研究比较缺乏；国内商贸与国外商贸联系比较薄弱；对岭南港口与腹地关系少有问津；国内商贸路线与海上交通线之间的关系研究较少；腹地—港口—海外交通国家之间的关系难以提及；特别是岭南港口从古代商贸港口向近代商贸港口转型过程中，与中国自然经济、世界市场经济的关系研究薄弱。本研究希冀对以上薄弱环节加以补充，把原来割裂的国内商贸网络与国外海上商业网络联系起来加以考察，注重港口在中外商贸交流中职能的变化，注重传统腹地与岭南开放口岸之间互动关系的研究。

港口是中外商贸联系的桥梁，历来岭南港口对内外贸易发达，各港口腹地经济的发展与港口息息相关，而广州、澳门、香港等岭南港口是中国古代乃至近现代对外贸易的枢纽，研究中外商贸交流不仅仅停留在中外贸易往来的数量和种类，而应更深入去考察进出口物资的流向和影响，腹地与港口以及海上交通国家之间的关系；古代腹地、海上交通国家的近远与亲疏，分析探讨两者之间与岭南港口间不同的关系；以港兴商，港口如何在中国近代化过程中，辐射和传播到腹地；腹地在近代化过程中，如何与港口之间互动；随着世界贸易市场扩展，英法美等代替东南亚、东亚成为主要贸易的国家，而随着铁路、公路等修筑，腹地进一步扩大，近现代腹地、海外贸易国家都已扩大，这种格局一直持续到现在。其间传统经济与朝贡体制下的对外贸易如何在近代转型中变化，港口如何继续发挥其内联外接的作用，都值得探讨。因此，本书的研究不仅揭示中外商贸的联系与港口的作用，而且论述从封建传统经济向近代经济的转型中，岭南港口如何完成向近代化的过渡。在一定程度上，为今天泛珠江三角洲（9+2）区域联系与广东外贸发展提供参考，因此，选题有一定的学术价值和现实意义。

二 相关概念阐释

港口—腹地相关理论较为复杂，本书在基本概念的界定上，依据目前学术界的普遍标准，并根据研究内容有所限定。岭南港口，主要指广州港，兼及澳门、香港、潮州、海口、雷州、合浦、钦州、佛山等岭南所有港口。

“腹地”一词既是一个地理学上的概念，也是一个经济学上的概念。《辞海》给予了较为全面的解释：“腹地是指与某一城市或港口保持有密切经济联系的内地或背后地。港口或城市腹地的大小，通常受背后地的山脉位置、走向和高度，以及河流的长度、流域面积等条件的影响，并随着铁路、公路、运河的修建，天然河流航运的改善，工农业生产的发展，产销区域的移动所引起的经济联系的改变而改变。”2433343《中国大百科全书·地理卷》的解释是：“位于城市背后，为港口提供出口货物和销售进口商品的内陆地区。”2433344《不列颠百科全书》解释道，奇肖卡姆在1988年版《商业地理手册》中，将德语hinterl and 解释为“腹地”，指港口或沿海居民点背后的地区。其后“腹地”的范畴不断扩大，“也称‘郊地’（umland），指经济上与附近城镇或城市有密切联系的附属地区，既有乡村，也有城镇，或两者皆有。至20世纪初，一个港口的背后或附属地区通常被称为其腹地。”2433345

目前国内学术界对“腹地”的划分标准，进行了很多有益的探讨，观点趋于一致。吴松弟将其界定为“位于港口城市背后的港口吞吐货物和旅客集散所及的地区范围。在通常情况下，这一范围内的客货经由该港进出在运输上比较经济和便捷”2433346。王文认为，港口在地理上都有运输能够辐射和覆盖的相对稳定区域，就线路、便利性来看，如果涉及这个区域的贸易货物运输基本由该港直接或间接完成，那么该区域即为“港口经济腹地”。2433347樊如森在其博士论文《天津港口贸易与腹地外向型经济发展：1860—1937》一文中则将“经济腹地”作了比较全面的界定。2433348

对腹地类型的划分，主要有以下几种方式：（1）出口腹地和进口腹地。出口腹地指经港口运出货物出产的内地区，进口腹地指到港货物被运往的内地区。出口腹地与进口腹地皆有与之互补的前沿地，位于港口的面海一侧。2433349（2）核心腹地、过渡腹地、边缘腹地。核心腹地是指在进出口贸易中对于本中心城市具有决定意义的区域，边缘腹地是指对进出口贸易影响很小的区域，核心腹地与边缘腹地之间称之为过渡腹地。2433350（3）单纯腹地和其他条件下的腹地划分（重叠腹地）。直接腹地指一港独有的腹地，该区域内所需水运的货物都经由本港；混合腹地指两个或两个以上的港口共同拥有的腹地，即数港吸引范围相互重叠的部分。按照不同的划分标准，同一港口的腹地划分范围会有较大差异。在实际研究过程中，一个港口的腹地会有很多种类型，并不具有严格的界限。本书在写作过程中依据前人的研究成果，主要研究广州港的出口腹地，即货物经广州港运出最为便捷、路程较近、出口规模较大的地区。简言之，即广州港等岭南港口出口物品的主要货源地。

三 研究的主要内容和重点、难点

本书主要对岭南港口与腹地，海外交通进行全面的探讨和总结，把三者关系放在中外商贸活动与市场体系中去考察，揭示三者点、面、线之间相互依存的关系，应用历史经济地理学的方法，研究港口与腹地双向经济联系、互动作用及动力机制；研究港口与海外诸国双向交通、经济互动的关系，以岭南港口为联结国际、国内两个扇面的枢纽，全面系统地把握从古代到近代岭南中外商贸网络变化的过程和特征，凸显岭南港口在中外商贸中的作用。

研究的主要内容包括：（1）岭南各港口发展的环境与内外交通路线的变迁；（2）历史时期各港口腹地输出的农副产品种类与港口间运输渠道；（3）岭南港口的出口货物与海上交通国家的类型；（4）岭南港口进口物品、消费及运输渠道；（5）历史时期岭南港口地区、腹地与海外交通国家关系演变特征；（6）腹地、港口、外贸与中国传统市场的关系；（7）近代腹地与港口双向交通的特征；（8）近代港口与域外国家、商贸交通的特征；（9）中外经济发展模式对腹地—港口—海外交通的影响；（10）腹地—港口—海外交通的商人网络与架构。

观点：（1）中国传统经济体制下的港口—腹地关系主要取决于农副产品的流通路线；（2）朝贡体制下的岭南港口的海外交通（进出口种类、数量等）受政策影响较大，东南亚、东亚为中国主要的贸易地区；（3）古代港口与腹地及海外交通受传统经济与朝贡体制的影响，近代受世界市场影响，海外交通范围扩大，腹地随铁路、公路而扩展延伸更远；（4）近代港口与腹地流通渠道是双向的，即进口工业品经港口向内陆渗透与矿产、农副产品从内陆腹地经港口输出海外；（5）近代港口—腹地形成港口、道路、市镇、商业远销为基本内容的交通与商业体系；（6）澳门、香港的腹地、海外交通与岭南各港口腹地、海外交通有着密切甚或重叠的关系；（7）交通运输工具与港口、内外交通路线、贸易物品有密切的关系。

重点：古代到近代岭南各港口腹地、海外交通演变的过程和规律，以及制约三者发展的因素是研究的重点。

难点：（1）港口腹地的范围、判断标准；（2）传统农业经济下港口—腹地商品流通与近代世界市场经济下港口—腹地商品流通的模式；（3）古代朝贡贸易体制下的海外交通与近代世界市场体制下的贸易国家商贸交流的性质；（4）香港和澳门腹地、海外交通对岭南各港口的影响。

四 研究方法、创新、价值

研究方法的突出特色：本书主要利用历史地理学的研究方法，以岭南港口为考察的切入点，研究岭南对内、对外港口在中外商贸交流中的作用；自始至终运用历史比较研究的方法对各港口的不同时期和同一时期的不同港口以及与之相关的对外贸易进行比较研究；尽可能利用经济学、社会学、法学和社会心理学等多学科的视角对海外贸易对岭南社会问题的影响进行一定的分析。在参考今人相关研究成果的基础上，主要利用地方志、岭南人的文集、考古资料、今人有关海上交通的著述以及一定的外文资料，以期补缺拾遗。由于地方志多转引传抄、隐恶扬善，并加入编写者的主观意愿及色彩，因此本人在利用地方志时尽可能地实事求是、前后比较，以期所引资料能相对适当。

主要建树及创新：把腹地—港口—海外交通三者联系起来，放在中国古代传统经济与近代世界市场经济背景下，全面考察岭南的国内外贸易发展的历程，避免以往单纯国内贸易或海外贸易、港口史研究的弊端，有利于把握岭南各港口在中外商贸中的地位和作用。主要创新有以下几点：（1）在古代朝贡贸易体制下，把岭南港口与内外的交通联系作了较全面的梳理，克服了以往的研究割裂对内、对外交通的弊端；（2）克服了以往研究只注重广州、澳门、香港等岭南大港口的弊端，在突出大港口的同时，对潮州、雷州、钦州、廉州、合浦、琼州等中小港口也有论及，兼顾粤西、粤东以及海南等港口；（3）对岭南港口所延伸与有交流的腹地第一次作了较全面的论述，厘清了腹地与港口交流的物品、路线、贸易的类型；（4）对丝货、茶叶在传统朝贡体制与近代世界市场格局体制的出口作了较全面的对比，从中发现丝货、茶叶出口变迁的本质原因；（5）对潮州、琼州的华侨商人集团作了一定的分析，对他们从事所谓的“国内”，实质上从事国外贸易作了探讨；（6）对广州等外贸港口的中外文化景观作了一定的阐述，揭示了港口作为中外交流的载体的本质；（7）对丝货、茶叶的成本与十三行的关系作了一定的揭示，使本书的研究更具力度。

学术价值和应用价值：本研究不仅揭示中外商贸的联系与港口的作用，而且论述在从封建传统经济向近代经济的转型中，岭南港口如何完成向近代化的过渡。在一定程度上，为今天泛珠江三角洲（9+2）区域联系与广东外贸发展提供参考，因此，选题有一定的学术价值和现实意义。同时，为申报联合国教科文组织的世界文化遗产“海上丝绸之路遗迹（中国境内）”的广州、潮州、澳门、海口、北海等丝路古港作了一定的诠释，有一定的学术价值和应用价值。

I. Review of the current status of research at home and abroad, the significance and value of topic selection, and the research on Lingnan Port in the past mainly focused on: (1) the history of Guangzhou, Macao and other ports: "History of Guangzhou Port" (1985), "History of Whampoa Port" (1989), "Compilation of Historical Materials of Macao and Hong Kong (1553-1986)" (1991), etc.; (2) Research on the Opening of Modern Ports and Economic and Social Data: Jin Yingxi et al. "On the Historical Process of Hong Kong's Economic Development" (1985), Yu Zhengwu et al. "Hong Kong in the Nineteenth Century" (1994), "Economic and Social Overview of Modern Guangzhou Port-A Collection of Guangdong Customs Reports" (1995), Deng Kaisong "History of Modern Relations between Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao" (1996), "Compilation of Modern Gongbei Customs Report" (1998), Zhang Xiaohui "Hong Kong and Modern China's Foreign Trade" (2000), etc. Previous treatises on the history of overseas transportation in Lingnan have been covered by all the works on the history of transportation in China and abroad. Chen Gaohua, Overseas Trade in the Song and Yuan Dynasties (1981), Maritime Silk Road (1991), History of China's Overseas Transportation (1997); Li Jinming, "Overseas Trade in the Ming Dynasty" (1990) and "History of Overseas Trade in Ancient China" (1995), etc. His books on the history of overseas transportation and trade in Lingnan include: Liang Jiabin's "Thirteen Journeys in Guangdong" (1937), Guan Zhiquan's "Overseas Trade in Guangzhou in the Song Dynasty" (1994), Xu Dezhi et al. "Guangdong's History of Foreign Economic and Trade" (1994), Cai Hongsheng's "Guangzhou and Marine Civilization" (1997), Huang Qichen et al.'s "History of the Guangdong Maritime Silk Road" (2003), Taiwan Normal University Fan Yijun's "Foreign Trade and the Changes of Handicrafts in the Hanjiang River Basin" (1981), etc. Most of the achievements of Hong Kong and Macao scholars are based on the history of Hong Kong and Macao, and [Japanese] Kuwabara Kuwabara, Fujita Toyohachi and others have also studied the overseas trade of ancient China; Louis Delmini's China and the West: Foreign Trade in Guangzhou's 18th Century (1964) provides an in-depth study of 18th-century Guangzhou foreign trade. The above research mainly studies Lingnan Port from the aspects of port history and modern ports, and overseas transportation also discusses Sino-foreign relations from the perspective of Sino-foreign commercial exchanges. There is a lack of research on small and medium-sized ports in Lingnan and on commercial and trade ties between China and foreign countries; Domestic commerce and foreign trade links are relatively weak; Little attention is paid to the relationship between Lingnan port and the hinterland; The relationship between domestic trade routes and sea lines of communication has been poorly studied; The relationship between hinterland-port-overseas transportation countries is difficult to mention; In particular, during the transformation of Lingnan Port from an ancient commercial port to a modern commercial port, the relationship between China's natural economy and the world market economy is weak. This study aims to supplement the above weak links, investigate the original fragmented domestic commercial and trade network with foreign maritime commercial network, pay attention to the change of port functions in Sino-foreign commercial exchanges, and pay attention to the interaction between the traditional hinterland and Lingnan open port. The port is a bridge of Sino-foreign commercial and trade links, Lingnan port has always been developed for domestic and foreign trade, the development of the hinterland economy of each port is closely related to the port, and Guangzhou, Macao, Hong Kong and other Lingnan ports are the hubs of ancient and even modern foreign trade in China, the study of foreign trade exchanges is not only in the number and types of Sino-foreign trade exchanges, but should be more in-depth to investigate the flow and impact of import and export materials, the relationship between the hinterland and the port and maritime traffic countries; The proximity and proximity of ancient hinterland and maritime communication countries, and the different relationships between the two and Lingnan ports. How ports radiated and spread to the hinterland in the process of China's modernization; how the hinterland interacted with the port in the process of modernization; With the expansion of the world trade market, Britain, France and the United States have replaced Southeast Asia and East Asia as the main trading countries, and with the construction of railways and roads, the hinterland has been further expanded, and the modern hinterland and overseas trading countries have expanded, and this pattern has continued until now. During this period, it is worth exploring how foreign trade under the traditional economy and tributary system has changed in the modern transformation, and how the port can continue to play its role of internal and external connection. Therefore, the research of this book not only reveals the connection between China and foreign commerce and the role of ports, but also discusses how Lingnan Port completed the transition to modernization in the transition from feudal traditional economy to modern economy. To a certain extent, it provides a reference for today's Pan-Pearl River Delta (9+2) regional connection and Guangdong's foreign trade development, so the topic selection has certain academic value and practical significance. Second, the interpretation of relevant concepts is more complex in the theory of port-hinterland, and the definition of basic concepts in this book is based on the current common standards in academia and limited according to the research content. Lingnan Port mainly refers to Guangzhou Port, and all ports in Lingnan, including Macao, Hong Kong, Chaozhou, Haikou, Leizhou, Hepu, Qinzhou and Foshan. The term "hinterland" is both a geographical and an economic concept. The "Ci Hai" gives a more comprehensive explanation: "The hinterland refers to the inland area or the land behind which it maintains close economic ties with a city or port. The size of the port or urban hinterland is usually affected by the location, direction and height of the mountain range behind it, as well as the length of the river, the area of the basin and other conditions, and changes with the construction of railways, highways, canals, the improvement of natural river navigation, the development of industrial and agricultural production, and the movement of production and marketing areas. 2433343 the Encyclopedia of China explains: "Located behind the city, it provides inland areas for the port to export goods and sell imported goods." 2433344 the Encyclopedia Britannica explains, Chishokam, in the 1988 edition of the Handbook of Commercial Geography, interpreted the German hinterl and as "hinterland," referring to the area behind a port or coastal settlement. Later, the scope of the "hinterland" expanded, "also known as 'suburbs', which refers to ancillary areas that are economically closely linked to nearby towns or cities, either villages, towns, or both. By the early 20th century, the area behind or attached to a port was often referred to as its hinterland. 2433345 At present, the domestic academic community has conducted a lot of useful discussions on the division standard of "hinterland", and the views tend to be the same. Wu defines it as "the area behind a port city that handles cargo and passengers." Under normal circumstances, passengers and goods in and out of this range through the port are more economical and convenient in transportation"2433346. Wang Wen believes that the port has a relatively stable area that can be radiated and covered by transportation geographically, and in terms of route and convenience, if the transportation of trade goods involving this area is basically completed directly or indirectly by the port, then the area is the "hinterland of the port economy". 2433347 Fan Rusen defined "economic hinterland" in his doctoral dissertation "Tianjin Port Trade and Export-oriented Economic Development of the Hinterland: 1860-1937". 2433348 the division of hinterland types, there are mainly the following ways: (1) export hinterland and imported hinterland. The export hinterland refers to the inner area where the goods are shipped out through the port, and the imported hinterland refers to the inner area to which the arriving goods are transported. Both the export hinterland and the import hinterland have complementary fronts, located on the sea-facing side of the port. 2433349 (2) Core hinterland, transitional hinterland, marginal hinterland. The core hinterland refers to the area that is decisive for the central city in the import and export trade, and the marginal hinterland refers to the area with little impact on the import and export trade, and the core hinterland and the marginal hinterland are called the transitional hinterland. 2433350 (3) Divide of the hinterland under simple hinterland and other conditions (overlapping hinterland). Direct hinterland refers to the unique hinterland of a port, and all the goods required for water transportation in the area pass through Hong Kong; Mixed hinterland refers to the hinterland jointly owned by two or more ports, that is, the part of the attraction range of several ports that overlaps. According to different division standards, the hinterland division of the same port will vary greatly. In the actual research process, there will be many types of hinterland in a port, and there are no strict boundaries. In the process of writing, based on the research results of predecessors, this book mainly studies the export hinterland of Guangzhou Port, that is, the area where goods are most convenient to transport out through Guangzhou Port, the distance is relatively close, and the export scale is large. In short, it is the main source of goods exported from Lingnan ports such as Guangzhou Port. 3. The main content, key points and difficulties of the research This book mainly discusses and summarizes the two-way economic connection, interaction and dynamic mechanism between the port and the hinterland and overseas transportation, puts the relationship between the three in the context of Sino-foreign commercial activities and market systems, reveals the interdependence between the three points, areas and lines, and applies the methods of historical economic geography to study the two-way economic connection, interaction and dynamic mechanism between the port and the hinterland; This paper studies the relationship between the two-way transportation and economic interaction between the port and overseas countries, takes Lingnan Port as the hub connecting the international and domestic sectors, comprehensively and systematically grasps the process and characteristics of the change of Lingnan's Sino-foreign commercial network from ancient times to modern times, and highlights the role of Lingnan Port in Sino-foreign commerce and trade. The main contents of the research include: (1) the environment of the development of Lingnan ports and the changes of internal and external traffic routes; (2) the types of agricultural and sideline products exported from the hinterland of each port and the transportation channels between ports in historical periods; (3) the type of export cargo and maritime traffic country of Lingnan Port; (4) Imported goods, consumption and transportation channels of Lingnan Port; (5) the evolution of relations between Lingnan port area, hinterland and overseas transportation countries in the historical period; (6) the relationship between hinterland, ports, foreign trade and traditional Chinese markets; (7) the characteristics of two-way communication between the hinterland and the port in modern times; (8) the characteristics of modern ports and extraterritorial countries, commercial and trade traffic; (9) the impact of Chinese and foreign economic development models on hinterland-port-overseas transportation; (10) Merchant network and structure of hinterland-port-overseas transportation. Viewpoint: (1) The port-hinterland relationship under China's traditional economic system mainly depends on the circulation route of agricultural and sideline products; (2) The overseas traffic (import and export types, quantities, etc.) of Lingnan ports under the tributary system is greatly affected by policies, and Southeast Asia and East Asia are the main trading areas of China; (3) Ancient ports and hinterlands and overseas transportation were affected by the traditional economy and tributary system, and in modern times affected by the world market, the scope of overseas transportation expanded, and the hinterland expanded and extended farther with railways and highways; (4) The modern port and the hinterland circulation channel are two-way, that is, imported industrial products penetrate inland through the port and minerals, agricultural and sideline products are exported overseas from the inland hinterland through the port; (5) Modern port - hinterland forms a transportation and commercial system with ports, roads, towns, and commercial exports as the basic content; (6) The hinterland and overseas traffic of Macao and Hong Kong have a close or even overlapping relationship with the hinterland and overseas traffic of Lingnan's ports; (7) The means of transportation have a close relationship with ports, internal and external transportation routes, and trade items. Focus: The process and law of the evolution of overseas traffic in the hinterland of ports in ancient to modern Lingnan, as well as the factors restricting the development of the three, are the focus of research. Difficulties: (1) the scope and judgment criteria of the hinterland of the port; (2) the mode of port-hinterland commodity circulation under the traditional agricultural economy and port-hinterland commodity circulation under the modern world market economy; (3) the nature of overseas transportation under the ancient tributary trade system and the trade countries under the modern world market system; (4) The impact of hinterland and overseas traffic in Hong Kong and Macao on Lingnan ports. IV. Outstanding Features of Research Methods, Innovation and Value Research Methods: This book mainly uses the research methods of historical geography and takes Lingnan Port as the starting point for investigation to study the role of Lingnan's internal and external ports in Sino-foreign commercial and trade exchanges; Historical comparative research was used throughout to compare different ports at different times and in the same period and related foreign trade; As far as possible, the impact of overseas trade on Lingnan's social issues is analysed from the perspectives of economics, sociology, law and social psychology. On the basis of referring to the relevant research results of the present-day people, it mainly uses local chronicles, anthologies of Lingnanese people, archaeological materials, modern writings on maritime traffic and certain foreign language materials, in order to fill in the gaps. Since local chronicles are often reproduced and copied, conceal evil and promote good, and add the subjective will and color of the compilers, I try to seek truth from facts and compare before and after when using local chronicles, so that the cited information can be relatively appropriate. Main achievements and innovations: linking the hinterland-port-overseas transportation, and placing it in the context of China's ancient traditional economy and modern world market economy, comprehensively investigate the development process of Lingnan's domestic and foreign trade, avoid the drawbacks of simple domestic trade or overseas trade and port history research in the past, and help grasp the status and role of Lingnan's ports in Sino-foreign commerce and trade. The main innovations are as follows: (1) Under the ancient tributary trade system, the transportation links between Lingnan port and internal and external transportation have been comprehensively sorted out, and the drawbacks of separating internal and external traffic from previous research have been overcome; (2) It overcomes the drawback of previous studies that only focus on large ports in Lingnan, such as Guangzhou, Macao and Hong Kong, and while highlighting large ports, it also discusses small and medium-sized ports such as Chaozhou, Leizhou, Qinzhou, Lianzhou, Hepu and Qiongzhou, taking into account ports in western Guangdong, eastern Guangdong and Hainan; (3) For the first time, a more comprehensive discussion of the hinterland extended and exchanged between Lingnan Port was made, and the types of goods, routes and trade exchanged between the hinterland and the port were clarified; (4) A comprehensive comparison was made between the export of silk goods and tea in the traditional tributary system and the modern world market pattern system, from which the essential reasons for the changes in the export of silk goods and tea were found; (5) A certain analysis of the overseas Chinese merchant groups in Chaozhou and Qiongzhou was made, and they were engaged in so-called "domestic" and in essence engaged in foreign trade; (6) The cultural landscape of Guangzhou and other foreign trade ports was elaborated to a certain extent, revealing the essence of the port as a carrier of Sino-foreign exchanges; (7) The relationship between the cost of silk goods and tea and the thirteen lines is revealed, which makes the research of this book more powerful. Academic Value and Application Value: This research not only reveals the connection between China and foreign commerce and the role of ports, but also discusses how Lingnan Port completed the transition to modernization in the transition from feudal traditional economy to modern economy. To a certain extent, it provides a reference for today's Pan-Pearl River Delta (9+2) regional connection and Guangdong's foreign trade development, so the topic selection has certain academic value and practical significance. At the same time, the ancient Silk Road ports such as Guangzhou, Chaozhou, Macao, Haikou and Beihai that have been declared as UNESCO World Cultural Heritage "Maritime Silk Road Relics (in China)" have been interpreted to a certain extent, which have certain academic and application value.（AI翻译）