20世纪前50年，古老的中华大地上发生了一次根本性的社会转型，即由传统社会向近代社会的转进。数十年内其山崩地裂般的巨大变化，给后世留下了众多的历史之谜。本书试图从文化领导权、意识形态模式与现代国家建构之关系入手，从一个侧面为人们认识近代中国这一重大历史巨变背后的深刻原因提供一种独特的观察方式。

从1911年到辛亥革命特别是五四运动以后，在“以党建国”的国家现代化目标下，以中国国民党、中国共产党为主体的近代政治精英集团逐步认识到文化动员、意识形态管理和文化控制对于在中国这样一个传统社会实现自身政治目标的重要意义，并相继建立了独立的文化动员体系。这一文化管理体系与不同的政治精英集团所设计的国家现代化道路结合在一起，形成近代中国的社会化文化动员系统，它对内体现为政治精英集团的意识形态模式，对外则表现为国家文化管理职能体系即国家文化体制。这种文化体制起源于民国政府初期对于西方英美分权型文化管理模式和苏俄集权型模式的模仿，在国共两党的对抗期间出于争取文化和意识形态领导权的需要都不约而同地走向集权制，以追求更高的社会动员效率。

近代中国发生的许多重大事件都对国家文化体制的形成和演进产生了直接或者间接的影响，其中之大者，则是国共两党的对抗、合作与竞争，以及1840年以来逐步积累起来的民族主义浪潮和近代公共文化领域的形成。隐含在文化体制背后的文化和意识形态领导权则是理解文化、意识形态与政党、民族主义和公共文化领域之间关系的核心概念。

政治、经济与文化三个子系统本身是一种相互关联和协同的系统结构，近代中国的政治结构、经济结构和文化及意识形态结构三者之间存在高度一体化的功能融合机制。尽管国共两党所设计的文化政策以及文化制度都受到孙中山先生“以俄为师”思想的影响，但真正起决定作用的还是国共两党的激烈的政治竞争和军事对抗，文化作为宣传和舆论资源被纳入到精英集团对社会的动员系统之中，形成与政治和军事竞争相配套的文化动员体系，它使得中国的文化体制一直带有战时动员体制的特征。民族主义是近代中国社会中最大的意识形态资源，在救亡图存、实现国家现代化的旗帜下，民族主义给予了不同的政治精英集团设计不同的民族国家现代化道路的政治机会，赋予不同政治精英集团重建其政治合法性和统治正当性的可靠路径，围绕民族主义意识形态制高点的文化政策设计，就成为政治精英集团进行相关制度安排的逻辑原点，这也在一定程度上规定了国家文化体制演进的路径。近代公共文化领域的出现，重组了社会信息生产和信息传播的结构，为政治精英集团传播其政治理念和国家理想搭建了广阔的舞台。但中国公共文化领域存在缺乏讨论和批判机制的天然缺陷，使得政治精英集团得以裹挟民族主义意识形态的巨大力量，深度进入公共文化领域，公共领域的社会资源被分割、整合进入政治权力的范畴，公共文化领域中释放出来的文化和意识形态资源与政党体制相融合，推动近代中国的政党发展成为一种强有力的社会领导力量，继而借此将严重失序的中国社会组织起来，最终完成百年来中华民族救亡图存、建设现代化国家的目标和任务。

Abstract

Fifty years before 20^thcentury,the ancient Chinese landscape had a fundamental social transformation,namely developed from the traditional society into modern society.For the decades of earth-shaking changes,there are lots of“mystery of history”left to the later generations.This article attempts provides a unique way of observation,to side reflect the profound reason of the great change in modern history,from the perspective of cultural leadership,the relationship between ideological mode and the modern state construction.

From 1911 to 1949,under the goal of“the party founds the state”,modern political elite group,with the Chinese Nationalist party and Chinese communist party centres,gradually realized that cultural mobilization,the control and management of ideology and culture were played great important roles in achieved their own political goals,for such a traditional society in China.And then they successively established independent cultural mobilization system.The cultural management system combined with the path of national modernization designed by political elite,to formed the socialize culture mobilization system of modern China,it was embodied the ideology of political elite model in inland,characterized by national culture management function system,in other words the cultural system of state.This culture system originated from the imitation of the culture management mode of western British and American government,and Soviet centralized mode in the early republic of China,due to strive for the need of cultural and ideological leadership in the fight of Nationalist and communist period,they developed centralized system invariably,for the pursuit of a higher efficiency of social mobilization.

Many important events happened in modern China had a direct or indirect influence on the formation and evolution of the country＇s cultural system,but the cooperation and competition of Nationalist and Communist is epitomized,and the wave of nationalism and the formation of modern public cultural field gradually accumulated since 1840.The cultural and ideological hegemony which is hidden behind the culture system is the core conception of understanding culture ideology and the relationship between party,nationalism and public cultural service.The subsystem of polity,economy and culture itself is a kind of interconnected and collaborative system structure,and there is a structural integration system of polity,economy and culture in modern China.In spite of the cultural policy and system designed by Nationalist and Communist were affected by the ideas of“take Russia as the teacher”by Sun Yat-sen,the decisive action is the political and military confrontation between the two parties,and culture served as propaganda resources in the elite group' s social mobilization system,form the supporting cultural mobilization system of political and military competition which makes China＇s cultural system has been characterized with wartime mobilization.Nationalism was the largest ideological resources in modern Chinese,it gave the opportunity to different political elite to designed modernization of different countries and to rebuilt its political and ruling legitimacy under the banner of survival of the nation and the achievement of national modernization.The cultural policy design centred on the commanding height of nationalistic ideology became the elite' s logical origin of the relevant institutional arrangements,determined national cultural institutions evolution path to a certain extent.The public culture field appearing,recombined the structure of information production and dissemination and provided a wide stage for elite group to spread political ideas and national ideal.However,the public culture inherent defect that lack of critical and discussible mechanism made the elites gained the huge power of nationalistic ideology and involved in public culture deeply.The society resource of public culture into the realm of political authority after segmentation and integration.Cultural and ideological resources released from public culture were integrated with the political party system,turned into a strong power of leadership to promote the development of political party in modern China,afterwards by organized the serious disorder Chinese society,finally completed the objectives and missions for centuries-the survival of Chinese nation and the construction of the national modernization.

In the first 50 years of the 20th century, a fundamental social transformation took place in ancient China, that is, from traditional society to modern society. The dramatic changes in the decades of its landslide have left many historical mysteries for future generations. This book attempts to start from the relationship between cultural leadership, ideological mode and modern state construction, and provide a unique way of observing the profound reasons behind this major historical change in modern China. From 1911 to the Xinhai Revolution, especially after the May Fourth Movement, under the goal of national modernization of "building the country with the party", the modern political elite group with the Chinese Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China as the main body gradually realized the importance of cultural mobilization, ideological management and cultural control for achieving its own political goals in a traditional society like China, and successively established an independent cultural mobilization system. This cultural management system is combined with the national modernization path designed by different political elite groups to form a socialized cultural mobilization system in modern China, which is reflected internally as the ideological model of the political elite group, and externally as the national cultural management function system, that is, the national cultural system. This cultural system originated from the imitation of the Western Anglo-American decentralized cultural management model and the Soviet and Russian centralized model in the early days of the Republic of China government, and during the confrontation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, out of the need to fight for cultural and ideological leadership, they all invariably moved towards centralization in order to pursue higher social mobilization efficiency. Many major events in modern China have had a direct or indirect impact on the formation and evolution of the national cultural system, the most important of which is the confrontation, cooperation and competition between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, as well as the wave of nationalism gradually accumulated since 1840 and the formation of the modern public cultural field. Cultural and ideological leadership implicit behind cultural institutions is a central concept in understanding the relationship between culture and ideology and political parties, nationalism and the public cultural sphere. The three subsystems of politics, economy and culture are themselves interrelated and synergistic system structures, and there is a highly integrated functional integration mechanism between the political structure, economic structure and cultural and ideological structure of modern China. Although the cultural policies and cultural systems designed by the Kuomintang and the Communist Party are influenced by Dr. Sun Yat-sen's idea of "taking Russia as a teacher", what really plays a decisive role is the fierce political competition and military confrontation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and culture as a propaganda and public opinion resource is incorporated into the mobilization system of the elite group to society, forming a cultural mobilization system that is compatible with political and military competition, which makes China's cultural system always have the characteristics of a wartime mobilization system. Nationalism is the largest ideological resource in modern Chinese society, under the banner of saving survival and realizing national modernization, nationalism has given different political elite groups the political opportunity to design different paths to the modernization of the nation-state, giving different political elite groups a reliable path to rebuild their political legitimacy and ruling legitimacy, and designing cultural policies around the commanding heights of nationalist ideology has become the logical origin of relevant institutional arrangements for political elite groups. This also stipulates the path of the evolution of the national cultural system to a certain extent. The emergence of the field of public culture in modern times has reorganized the structure of social information production and information dissemination, and built a broad stage for political elite groups to disseminate their political ideas and national ideals. However, there is a natural defect in the field of public culture in China that lacks a mechanism for discussion and criticism, which allows the political elite to envelop the huge power of nationalist ideology and deeply enter the field of public culture, the social resources of the public sphere are divided and integrated into the category of political power, and the cultural and ideological resources released in the field of public culture are integrated with the party system, promoting the development of political parties in modern China into a powerful social leading force, and then organizing the seriously disorderly Chinese society. Finally, we will complete the goals and tasks of the Chinese nation in the past 100 years of saving its survival and building a modern country. AbstractFifty years before 20thcentury,the ancient Chinese landscape had a fundamental social transformation,namely developed from the traditional society into modern society. For the decades of earth-shaking changes,there are lots of“mystery of history”left to the later generations. This article attempts provides a unique way of observation,to side reflect the profound reason of the great change in modern history,from the perspective of cultural leadership,the relationship between ideological mode and the modern state construction. From 1911 to 1949,under the goal of“the party founds the state”,modern political elite group,with the Chinese Nationalist party and Chinese communist party centres,gradually realized that cultural mobilization,the control and management of ideology and culture were played great important roles in achieved their own political goals,for such a traditional society in China.And then they successively established independent cultural mobilization system. The cultural management system combined with the path of national modernization designed by political elite,to formed the socialize culture mobilization system of modern China,it was embodied the ideology of political elite model in inland,characterized by national culture management function system,in other words the cultural system of state. This culture system originated from the imitation of the culture management mode of western British and American government,and Soviet centralized mode in the early republic of China,due to strive for the need of cultural and ideological leadership in the fight of Nationalist and communist period,they developed centralized system invariably,for the pursuit of a higher efficiency of social mobilization. Many important events happened in modern China had a direct or indirect influence on the formation and evolution of the country＇s cultural system,but the cooperation and competition of Nationalist and Communist is epitomized,and the wave of nationalism and the formation of modern public cultural field gradually accumulated since 1840.The cultural and ideological hegemony which is hidden behind the culture system is the core conception of understanding culture ideology and the relationship between party,nationalism and public cultural service. The subsystem of polity,economy and culture itself is a kind of interconnected and collaborative system structure,and there is a structural integration system of polity,economy and culture in modern China.In spite of the cultural policy and system designed by Nationalist and Communist were affected by the ideas of“take Russia as the teacher”by Sun Yat-sen,the decisive action is the political and military confrontation between the two parties,and culture served as propaganda resources in the elite group' s social mobilization system,form the supporting cultural mobilization system of political and military competition which makes China＇s cultural system has been characterized with wartime mobilization. Nationalism was the largest ideological resources in modern Chinese,it gave the opportunity to different political elite to designed modernization of different countries and to rebuilt its political and ruling legitimacy under the banner of survival of the nation and the achievement of national modernization. The cultural policy design centred on the commanding height of nationalistic ideology became the elite' s logical origin of the relevant institutional arrangements,determined national cultural institutions evolution path to a certain extent. The public culture field appearing,recombined the structure of information production and dissemination and provided a wide stage for elite group to spread political ideas and national ideal. However,the public culture inherent defect that lack of critical and discussible mechanism made the elites gained the huge power of nationalistic ideology and involved in public culture deeply. The society resource of public culture into the realm of political authority after segmentation and integration. Cultural and ideological resources released from public culture were integrated with the political party system,turned into a strong power of leadership to promote the development of political party in modern China,afterwards by organized the serious disorder Chinese society,finally completed the objectives and missions for centuries-the survival of Chinese nation and the construction of the national modernization.（AI翻译）