世界各国分别处于不同的发展阶段，有各自不同的历史和文化，但是，各国人民对于和平与发展有着共同的愿望。以摆脱贫困和改善人民生活质量为基本标志，提高国家的经济社会发展水平，也是各国执政者的目标和不断做出的承诺。与此同时，人们也倾向于同意，任何国家在谋求自身发展时也应兼顾他国，各国共同发展才是一国发展的可持续性所在。习近平于2013年担任中国国家主席以来，一贯倡导并做出深刻阐释的构建人类命运共同体理念，迅速得到了国际社会的广泛认同，这个概念本身也被载入一系列联合国决议。

共同的发展愿望并不意味着唯一道路，也不要求单一模式，而是允许发展途径的多样化、本土化和与时俱进。不过，各国发展的道路上也面临着一些共同的障碍，如资本积累的瓶颈、国际经贸关系中的不平等、基础设施能力的不足、人力资本培养的难点、人力资源动员能力的缺乏和配置的无效率，等等。因此，在承认和鼓励模式多样性的同时，世界各国特别是发展中国家急需一个既有利于创造发展的必要条件，打破关键领域瓶颈制约，又有助于借鉴成功经验、吸取失败教训，同时给每个国家以充分选择空间的发展战略框架。中国国家主席习近平2013年提出的“一带一路”倡议就是这样一个开放性的框架。

首先，“一带一路”倡议的基本理念和主体思路，已经为中国改革开放时期的发展和分享的经验所验证。中国过去40年的历程，为经济史提供了一个同时做大蛋糕和分好蛋糕的成功案例。1978—2015年期间，在实际GDP总量和人均GDP分别增长了29 倍和20倍的同时，伴随着经济增长就业不断扩大，城乡居民收入得到极大改善，实际消费水平提高了 16 倍，并且与劳动生产率（用劳均GDP衡量，其间提高了16.7 倍）总体上实现了同步。进入21世纪以来，实施西部开发和中部崛起等区域发展战略，改善了中西部地区的交通状况、基础设施条件、基本公共服务保障能力和人力资本水平。随着投资和发展环境显著改善，中西部地区承接制造业转移的能力得到提高。

其次，“一带一路”倡议坚持共商共建共享的原则。倡议并非简单地借用古老的陆地和海上丝绸之路这个符号，还有更深的历史含义和现实启迪。从更大的历史深度上，这个符号隐含了对于传统的西方中心论的否定，更强调东西方文明相互交通、互学互鉴在人类发展历史上的作用。从更广的历史视野上，这个符号蕴含着如何打破以传统霸主国家为中心的全球公共品供给的内容及模式，更加注重通过所有国家的参与消除全球贫困的新理念。

再次，“一带一路”倡议抓住了基础设施建设这一各国普遍面临的关键性制约。在几乎所有的“一带一路”沿线和相关国家，都存在着交通、能源等基础设施薄弱的瓶颈问题，长期制约着投资效率和产业发展，也使许多国家不能充分享受经济全球化红利。中国发起并率先投资，借助亚洲基础设施投资银行、金砖国家新开发银行、丝路基金等融资机构，与相关国家和地区进行基础设施建设能力的合作，可以像自己实施过的西部开发战略所显示的那样，预期大幅度改善发展中国家的基础设施条件。

最后，“一带一路”倡议为各国根据国情探索适合自身的发展模式提供了充分的空间。每个国家摆脱贫困、走向现代化，终究需要立足于国情，依靠内在的决心和努力，消除在发展动力和制度环境方面存在的各种障碍。如果说外部人能够做什么有意义的事情（无论是否称其为国际公共品）的话，那无疑就是提供有益的知识，包括曾经在其他环境下取得过成功的经验和需要汲取的教训、软件和硬件基础设施建设上的必要帮助，以及容易入手和见效的市场投资机会。“一带一路”就是这样一种可以同各国自身需要和努力并行不悖的共建共享倡议。

自2013年习近平首倡以来，“一带一路”倡议已经迅速转变为行动，体现在一系列国际合作机制的建立、合作项目的落地，以及一部分早期成果的收获上面。然而，人们对这个倡议和行动的理解尚不尽一致，也存在着疑惑、误解甚至有意歪曲。这种情况也并不意外。毕竟，正如人类社会任何活动都必然经历不断探索和认识的过程，任何合作事业需要参与各方不断磨合一样，“一带一路”倡议本来就具有开放的性质，也需要在实施中积累经验、完善理念、增进共识。因此，在该倡议的每一个实践阶段，都有必要对已经取得的进展做出总结，对已有的经验进行评估，对已经达成的共识予以确认。

这本手册，可以算作迄今为止“一带一路”理论和实践初步成果的一个阶段性汇总。参加写作的包括了各相关领域的研究人员，力图反映与“一带一路”理念和实务相关的初衷与原则、历史与现状、基本知识以及最新研究成果。本手册的编者并不奢望它充当理论和实践的指导性文献，但希望它能成为一个指南性的读本，对参与“一带一路”建设的研究者、实际工作者和观察者及感兴趣的一般读者有所裨益。文本中的内容或许未能体现最新进展，错误之处也在所难免，作者和主编诚挚地期待读者提出批评。

蔡昉

中国社会科学院副院长、学部委员

中国社会科学院国家全球战略智库理事长

2018年4月25日

All countries in the world are at different stages of development and have their own histories and cultures, but the peoples of all countries share the same aspirations for peace and development. Raising the level of economic and social development of the country with poverty alleviation and improving the quality of life of the people as the basic symbol is also the goal and continuous commitment of the rulers of various countries. At the same time, people tend to agree that any country should take into account other countries when seeking its own development, and that the common development of all countries is the sustainability of a country's development. Since Xi Jinping assumed the presidency of China in 2013, the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind has been widely recognized by the international community, and the concept itself has been enshrined in a series of United Nations resolutions. A common aspiration for development does not mean a single path or a single model, but allows for diversification, localization and modernization of development pathways. However, countries also face some common obstacles on the road to development, such as bottlenecks in capital accumulation, inequality in international economic and trade relations, insufficient infrastructure capacity, difficulties in human capital cultivation, lack of human resource mobilization capacity and inefficient allocation, and so on. Therefore, while recognizing and encouraging the diversity of models, all countries in the world, especially developing countries, urgently need a strategic development strategy framework that is conducive to creating the necessary conditions for development, breaking bottlenecks in key areas, learning from successful experiences and learning lessons from failures, and at the same time giving each country a full choice of space. The Belt and Road Initiative proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013 is one such open framework. First of all, the basic concept and main ideas of the "Belt and Road" initiative have been verified by the development and experience shared by China during the period of reform and opening up. China's history over the past 40 years has provided a successful case of economic history in making the cake bigger and sharing it well. During the period from 1978 to 2015, while the total real GDP and per capita GDP increased by 29 times and 20 times respectively, with the continuous expansion of economic growth and employment, the income of urban and rural residents was greatly improved, the real consumption level increased by 16 times, and it was generally synchronized with labor productivity (measured by per labor GDP, which increased by 16.7 times). Since the beginning of the 21st century, the implementation of regional development strategies such as the development of the western region and the rise of the central region has improved the transportation situation, infrastructure conditions, basic public service guarantee capacity and human capital level in the central and western regions. With the significant improvement of the investment and development environment, the ability of the central and western regions to undertake the transfer of manufacturing has been improved. Second, the Belt and Road Initiative adheres to the principle of consultation, co-construction and sharing. The initiative does not simply borrow the symbols of the ancient land and maritime Silk Roads, but also has deeper historical meaning and practical enlightenment. From a larger historical depth, this symbol implies the negation of traditional Western-centrism, and emphasizes the role of mutual communication and mutual learning between Eastern and Western civilizations in the history of human development. From a broader historical perspective, this symbol contains a new concept of how to break the content and mode of global public goods supply centered on traditional hegemonic countries, and pay more attention to the eradication of global poverty through the participation of all countries. Third, the Belt and Road Initiative captures infrastructure construction, a key constraint that countries face. In almost all countries along the "Belt and Road" and related countries, there are bottlenecks with weak infrastructure such as transportation and energy, which have long restricted investment efficiency and industrial development, and also prevented many countries from fully enjoying the dividends of economic globalization. China initiates and takes the lead in investment, and with the help of financing institutions such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, the BRICS New Development Bank, and the Silk Road Fund, cooperation with relevant countries and regions in infrastructure building capacity can be expected to greatly improve the infrastructure conditions of developing countries, as shown by its own western development strategy. Finally, the Belt and Road Initiative provides ample space for countries to explore development models suitable for themselves according to their national conditions. To shake off poverty and move towards modernization, every country needs to base itself on its national conditions and rely on its inherent determination and efforts to remove various obstacles in terms of development momentum and institutional environment. If there is anything outsiders can do meaningfully, whether calling it an international public good or not, it is undoubtedly to provide useful knowledge, including lessons learned from previous successes in other contexts, necessary help in building software and hardware infrastructure, and easy access and effective market investment opportunities. The Belt and Road Initiative is such an initiative that can be built and shared in parallel with the needs and efforts of each country. Since Xi Jinping's initiative in 2013, the Belt and Road Initiative has been rapidly transformed into action, reflected in the establishment of a series of international cooperation mechanisms, the implementation of cooperation projects, and the harvest of some early achievements. However, there is no consensus in the understanding of this initiative and action, as well as doubts, misunderstandings and even intentional distortions. This is also not surprising. After all, just as any activity in human society must go through a process of continuous exploration and understanding, and any cooperative cause needs to be constantly tempered by all parties involved, the "Belt and Road" initiative is inherently open in nature, and it is also necessary to accumulate experience, improve concepts and enhance consensus in its implementation. Therefore, at each stage of the initiative's practice, it was necessary to take stock of the progress made, assess the experience gained and confirm the consensus reached. This manual can be regarded as a phased summary of the initial achievements of the theory and practice of the "Belt and Road" so far. The writing was written by researchers from various fields and sought to reflect the original intentions and principles, history and current situation, basic knowledge and latest research results related to the concept and practice of the Belt and Road. The editors of this handbook do not expect it to serve as a guiding document for theory and practice, but hope that it will be a guide to the researchers, practitioners and observers involved in the construction of the Belt and Road, as well as interested general readers. The content of the text may not reflect the latest developments, mistakes are inevitable, and the author and editor-in-chief sincerely expect criticism from readers. Cai Fang: Vice President and Member of the Faculty of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Chairman of the National Global Strategy Think Tank of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, April 25, 2018（AI翻译）