世界的近代化历史也是资本的全球扩张历史，“二战”后随着资本国际垄断的形成，世界进入了跨国资本主义时代。以美国利益为核心的跨国资本主义文化霸权，对各国的文化传统和核心思想都造成了持续冲击，因此考察其他国家的文化核心价值，保护本国的文化边界和文化安全，应该成为中国学者重点关注的课题。19世纪俄国文化在国力衰减的背景下强势崛起，这一事实本身即值得仔细研究。俄国思想家数个世纪集体打造的俄国思想，是俄国民族自信和文化自信的内在基石，并且对国家意识形态的推广起到重要作用，直到今天依然保证其文化强国的世界地位。由于特殊的历史情境，俄国文学一直在追求民族生活的精神意义，承担起社会启蒙和塑造民族意识的重任，用具有普遍审美价值的艺术语言向全世界宣告俄国人的原创性理念，成为俄国思想的重要载体，也是世界文化宝库中的精神财富。

本书以19世纪末20世纪初俄国经典文学最后一位伟大的文学家契诃夫的创作思想为例，结合他与同时代经典文学的另一位伟大的代表作家列夫·托尔斯泰的哲学思想的比较研究，论证俄国文学与俄国思想的内在关系，探讨俄国作家对世界的超越性认识，对俄国人的生活和俄罗斯民族面临的历史境遇的思考，阐发俄国文学本质所固有的人民性、伦理性、批判性和强烈的人道主义色彩。

目前，对于契诃夫在俄国文学史上的地位，他的诗学特点和修辞艺术，学界已经有了充分的研究，但关于契诃夫的哲学思想，他的创作中反映出来的独特的俄国式的思维方式，则一直被俄国主流学界所忽视甚至否定。因此本书有一定的论战性质，从契诃夫与俄国最具影响力的思想潮流和时代主题的呼应角度，论证契诃夫如何在文学中表现俄国思想的共同性质、个性特征和呈现方式，阐明他的世界观对于俄国思想的贡献，和对于人类生活的永恒价值。

全书共分为七个部分。

序言总述跨国资本主义及其文化标准在全世界扩张之时，各国所遭遇到的文化安全挑战。以19世纪俄国文学和思想的发展为鉴，寻找文化崛起的规律。

第一章梳理学界如何认识契诃夫与俄国思想的关系和契诃夫的创作哲学。从作家生前到逝世后100年，对于契诃夫是否是俄国第一流思想家的问题依然没有得到定论。研究者从各自的立场出发，对契诃夫创作的各个方面进行挖掘，构成了一幅由见解、评论、判断构成的色彩斑斓、结构复杂的画面，研究不同时代、不同阵营的俄国思想家和学者接受契诃夫遗产的动机，不但可以更深刻地领悟契诃夫的创作特质，而且可以反观各个时期的思想主题。

第二章探讨契诃夫与当时俄国最有影响力的思想运动之一——托尔斯泰主义的渊源。不把托尔斯泰纳入研究的视野，则不可能充分评估契诃夫在19世纪末20世纪初的现实主义写作的创新意义，只有在同托尔斯泰的相互关系中，我们才能正确地评价契诃夫伟大的独特性。契诃夫最为看重的，是人在什么样的情况下，接受了托尔斯泰主义的影响，和托尔斯泰主义究竟采取了什么样的表达形式才会产生如此之大的魅力，以及现实生活中托尔斯泰主义的实际遭遇。

第三章分析契诃夫与俄国文化启蒙工作的关系。在19、20世纪之交，契诃夫在新的人文知识和科学知识的交汇处形成了自己独特的文学立场，指出流行的种种理论、学说、信仰的局限，力求成为没有偏见的冷静的观察者和研究者。在契诃夫的观念里，人民要建设美好生活，是通过人民自己掌握人类积累的所有最优秀的文化成果来实现的，因而必须改变不合理的劳动分配制度，帮助人民掌握优秀的文化。

第四章论述契诃夫对俄国人的态度。正如俄国哲学所指出的那样，人被造出来，是为了用神圣的劳动来回应伟大的事业，解脱人身上的罪恶。契诃夫把注意力放在那些灰心丧气、缺乏意志力的普通人身上，揭露他们身上的奴性和他们的屈辱处境。与俄国思想家一样，契诃夫在俄罗斯人身上看到深刻的智慧、广阔的气魄、细腻的感情、充沛的精力、对自由的热爱，但也看到他们经常忘记自己的良心，丧失改变现实的勇气。因此契诃夫吁求理性、意志、尊严，为了建设自己的生活，为了使生活变得更有意义。

第五章展现契诃夫对人与世界的关系的理解。在19世纪末的欧洲，强权、暴力以法律和文明的名义，压迫和束缚人的个性，排斥自由的生命活动，俄国思想家们正是在这一点与西方思想中的理性主义法律观进行论战。契诃夫批判没有变化的生活，仿佛早已经被设定好，成为人人遵守，习以为常的规矩，而正是这种凝固的日常习俗掩盖了人们生活的庸俗本质，使人甚至看不到公然犯罪的可怕。为此契诃夫呼吁人必须要进行人类学的改造，成为巨人。

结语部分表明，契诃夫不但有完整的世界观和明确的哲学观念，而且各种“思想”在他的作品里异常密集。虽然他一贯主张只提出问题而不解决问题，但这种提问本身便是他对俄国思想史上的重大议题的积极回应。通过对生活意义的反复追问，契诃夫为人类打开了从闭塞狭隘通向辽阔远方的道路，在契诃夫无情地加以呈现的冷酷乏味的地平线上方，思想的闪耀如同霞光一般辉映在人们的心头，温暖着每一个渴望寻求真理的生命。在普遍的麻木不仁的生活环境下，契诃夫敲打着人的灵魂，提醒在这个世界上还有大量默默无闻承受生活重负的人，所有人的命运实际上都息息相关，孤立的自由和幸福是建立在他人的痛苦之上的。在公正平等与同情仁爱的基础上对人类共同命运的提醒——俄国经典文学遗产也以此为当下中国提出的现代世界中人类的和谐发展道路提供了证明。

关键词：俄国思想；托尔斯泰主义；文化启蒙；人的哲学；契诃夫

Abstract

The modernization history of the world is also the global expansion history of the capitalism.The formation of the international capital monopoly after WWII marks the coming of the era of transnational capitalism.The culture hegemony of transnational capitalism centered on the interest of America brings continuous strike to other countries and their traditional culture and ideology.Therefore,Chinese scholars should pay more attention on the investigation of the core cultural value of other countries,in order to protect the cultural boundary and cultural security of our own country.In the 19^thcentury,the Russian culture emerges to exaltation despite its power attenuation; this fact per se deserves careful study.The Russian idea,forged collectively by centuries of thinkers,is the inherent cornerstone of the national confidence and cultural confidence.It plays an important role in the national ideology and today still guarantees Russia to be a powerful cultural country in the world stage.Due to its special historical circumstances,the Russian Literature is always pursuing the spiritual meaning of national life; it undertakes the huge responsibility of social enlightenment and building national consciousness,declaring to the world the Russian's originality by the artistic language which possesses universal aesthetic value,consequently,it is an important carrier of Russian idea,and the spiritual treasure in the treasure house of the world culture.

This book takes the example of the creative thoughts of Anton Chekhov,the last great writer in the late 19^thcentury and early 20^thcentury in the period of Russian classical literature,combined together with the comparative study of the philosophical thinking of another great representative writer-one of Chekhov' contemporaries-Leo Tolstoy to demonstrate the intrinsic relation between Russian literature and Russian idea,and discuss the transcendental understanding of the world of the Russian writers and their thinking on the Russians' life and the historical circumstances the Russian nation faced with,elucidating the inherent qualities of Russian literature: affinity to the people,ethicality,criticalness,and strong humanitarianism.

There are abundant studies on Chekhov's poetics and rhetoric art at present,however,the study of Chekhov' philosophical thought-the unique Russian thinking way reflected from his writings-has been neglected,even denied by the Russian academic circles.Hence,this book is essentially argumentative.From the perspective that Chekhov responds to the most influential current thoughts and time themes,the book aims to prove how Chekhov in his writings expresses the common quality,personality and methods of presentation of the Russian idea,and explains the contribution of his world view to the Russian idea,and the eternal value to human life.

The book is divided into seven sections.

The Preface part introduces the challenge to cultural security faced by many countries,as the transnational capitalism and its culture standards expand rapidly in the whole world.The development of Russian literature and Russian idea in the 19^thcentury is set as an example to seek the rule of cultural rising.

The first chapter sorts out the present researches on Chekhov's relation with the Russian idea and his creative philosophy.From his own time to 100 years after death,there is no final conclusion as to whether Chekhov is qualified to be a firstclass Russian thinker.Started from various standpoints,researchers explore every aspect of Chekhov's writing,and constitute a colorful and complicated picture that is full of opinions,comments and judgements.To study the motives of how thinkers and scholars from different times and groups accept Chekhov's legacy contributes not only to a more profound understanding of Chekhov's creating characteristics,but helps to review the main theme of each time.

The second chapter discusses Chekhov's origin relation with the most influential thought current—Tolstoyism.Without the study of Tolstoy,it is hardly possible to fully evaluate the innovative significance of Chekhov's realistic wiring in the late 19^thcentury and early 20^thcentury.Only in the parallel relation with Tolstoy,Chekhov's great peculiarity can be accurately evaluated.What Chekhov values most,is in what circumstances that man accepts the influence of Tolstoyism,and in which way the Tolstoyism expresses itself,why it charms so many people,and the actual experiences in real life.

The third chapter analyzes chekhov's relation with the cultural enlightenment of Russia.In the turn of 19^thcentury to 20^thcentury,Chekhov formed his own unique literature stand in the intersection of new humanistic knowledge and scientific knowledge.He pointed out the limitation of the popular theories,doctrines,beliefs,and strived to be a non-biased,disinterested observer and researcher.In chekhov's view,the way people to achieve good life is realized by their knowing of all the best cultural products accumulated by human being,therefore the unreasonable labor distribution system should be changed,and people should master the excellent culture.

The fourth chapter deals with Chekhov's attitude towards the Russians.Just like the Russian philosophy indicates,man is created to respond to the great career through sacred labor,and liberated from his sins.Chekhov focuses on those depressed common people who lack the willpower,and reveals their slavishness and their humiliated circumstances.Like the Russian thinkers,Chekhov sees in the Russian people the profound wisdom,boundless courage,fine sentiments,robust energy and passion for freedom,but he also sees that they often forget their conscience and lack the courage to change the reality.Hence,to achieve good life,to make life meaningful,Chekhov appeals to rationality,willpower and dignity.

The fifth chapter presents chekhov's understandings of man and world.Power and violence suppresses and constraint man's personality and dispels free activities in the name of law and civilization in the 19^thcentury Europe,it is based on this point that the Russian thinkers debate with the rationalism in law of the intellectual history of Western world.Chekhov criticizes the life without change,as if it is all set up,and become a rule that everybody conforms with and gets used to.But this stagnated everyday life covers up the vulgar nature of human life,and blocks people's eye for the overt crime.In light of this,Chekhov calls on people to have Anthropological transformation and become giants.

The conclusion part shows that Chekhov,not only has a complete system of world view and philosophy,but has all kinds of“thoughts”mixed in his writings.Though he all along proposes to pose the problems instead of solving them,this way of proposing is his active response to the important issues in the intellectual history of Russia.Through the perpetual question after the meaning of life,Chekhov paves a path for people from the narrow field to the extensive broadness.On the top of the horizon where Chekhov presents by his coldness and cruelty,the light of thought,like the morning glow,irradiates in the hearts of people,warming every life that is after truth.In the circumstances of universalcallousness,Chekhov beats the souls of people,and reminds them that in this world there are amount of obscure people who undertakes the heavy burden of life.The fate of every one is interrelated,the isolated freedom and happiness is built upon other's misery.On the basis justice and equality,compassion and live,Chekhov sends us all a reminder for the common fate of humanity,and it is in this sense that the legacy of Russian classic literature can function as a mirror for the present China and its aim of a harmonious development path of humanity in this modernized world.

Key Words: Russian Idea;Tolstoyism; Cultural Enlightenment; Philosophy of Man;Chekhov