张学智

随着阳明后学文献的陆续整理出版，阳明学研究近年来呈现蓬勃发展的景象。不仅阳明，他的弟子、再传弟子也得到开掘，学派、专人、专书的研究多有佳作问世；同时，用新的方法、新的观点如现象学、存在主义、结构主义等研究阳明学的新作也不断涌现，阳明学研究不断向纵深发展。在这种情况下，写出一部有新意的、迥出众人之上的著作有相当难度。

江右宋代以来是人文渊薮之地，学术文化发达，涌现了一批文学家、思想家。江右王门是阳明弟子中最大的地域性学术群体，著名学者众多，仅《明儒学案》所列，即有邹守益、欧阳德、聂豹、罗洪先等数十人。其学术宗旨虽各不相同，但大多有合阳明与朱子为一，强调后天功夫，良知须经锻炼方可倚恃等特点，这些特点到王塘南、邹元标以下更加清楚。

本书以邹元标为圆心，向四围辐射；以王门中最重要的江右、泰州、浙中、止修四派为中心，梳理出各自在发展阳明学上所遇到的困境，及各派应对困境的不同理路。特别是提掇出青原讲会，以《传心堂述约》为中心，以邹守益、罗洪先、欧阳德、聂豹、刘文敏、刘邦采为第一代，王时槐、胡直为第二代，邹元标为第三代，施闰章和方以智为第四代，代代相传，薪火不绝。这在阳明后学的研究中较为奇特。

对方以智与阳明学关系的阐发是本书尤为独到的地方。方以智晚年，儒释道烹炮于一炉，又将公案机锋化入《易》中，许多语句读来如打哑谜，颇费猜详，本书多为之疏解。认为方以智的“三冒”：显冒、密冒、统冒，可与阳明后学中的四有、四无之说相关联。“显冒”的优点在实相实学，有制度规矩可循，如罗洪先的收摄保聚、归寂主静。但容易泥于迹象，缺乏超越感。“密冒”的优点在照破名相的拘限，极深研几，达于本体，如王龙溪的先天正心。但容易荡灭法度、沦于虚寂。而“统冒”则贯显冒密冒，二者相互补足，扬长避短，有如阳明告诫钱德洪、王畿本体功夫相取为用。甚至牟宗三对“云门三句”的阐释也可与三冒连通：“截断众流”对应密冒，彰显意志自律，斩截一切形而下的牵制；“涵盖乾坤”对应显冒，彰显真实的性体心体不只是人之性，也是一切事物的性质；“随波逐浪”对应统冒，彰显形而上下的贯通，不离具体生活实践而实现心性之蕴。本书还特别拈出方以智的四句话，命之为“新四句教”：“湛然则无静矣，善用则无动矣，因物则无心矣，知法则无物矣。”认为王阳明重视四有，王畿重视四无，方以智是否定之否定，是更高层次的无。心体湛然则能定，能定则即静而动，即动而静，无动无静。因任万物则随之俯仰，无有特别用心，知万法即心即理之本性则无有纯外在之物。将方以智以庄禅中和儒学，以道问学充实先天良知，用以修治王门后学流弊之苦心掘发而出。这在以往的方以智和阳明学研究中是没有的，值得特别点出。

本书是张昭炜在北大硕博、博士后及武大任教诸阶段思想成果的累积。张君曾主持整理阳明后学文献第三编，编校《胡直集》、《万廷言集》、《邹元标集》及方以智著作。文献、义理都下过苦功。今《阳明学发展的困境及出路》即将出版，问序于予，故将其创新处提揭一二，以见张君苦学精思之一斑。

2017年岁首于北京大学

Zhang Xuezhi has been compiled and published with the successive compilation and publication of Yangming post-study literature, and Yangming studies have shown a vigorous development in recent years. Not only Yangming, but also his disciples and re-transmission disciples have also been excavated, and many excellent works have been published in the study of schools, specialists, and books; At the same time, new works using new methods and new perspectives such as phenomenology, existentialism, structuralism, etc. to study Yangmingology are constantly emerging, and Yangmingology research continues to develop in depth. In this case, it is quite difficult to write a book that is innovative and stands out from the crowd. Since the Song Dynasty, Jiangyou has been a place of profound humanities, developed academic culture, and a group of literary scholars and thinkers have emerged. Jiangyou Wangmen is the largest regional academic group among Yangming's disciples, with many famous scholars, including Zou Shouyi, Ouyang De, Nie Bao, Luo Hongxian and dozens of others listed in the "Ming Confucian Study Case". Although their academic purposes are different, most of them have the characteristics of Heyangming and Zhuzi as one, emphasizing acquired kung fu, and conscience must be tempered before it can be relied on, and these characteristics are clearer below Wang Tangnan and Zou Yuanbiao. This book takes Zou Yuanbiao as the center of the circle, radiating to all sides; Focusing on the four most important schools of Jiangyou, Taizhou, Zhejiang, and Zhixiu in the royal gate, the difficulties encountered by each in the development of Yangming Studies were sorted out, and the different ways for each faction to deal with the dilemma were sorted out. In particular, the Qingyuan lecture was proposed, with the "Narrative of the Heart Hall" as the center, with Zou Shouyi, Luo Hongxian, Ouyang De, Nie Bao, Liu Wenmin, and Liu Bangcai as the first generation, Wang Shihuai and Hu Zhi as the second generation, Zou Yuanbiao as the third generation, Shi Minzhang and Fang Yizhi as the fourth generation, passed down from generation to generation, and the torch is endless. This is more peculiar in the research of Yangming Houxue. The other party's interpretation of the relationship between wisdom and Yangmingxue is a particularly unique feature of this book. In Fang Yizhi's later years, Confucianism cooked in one furnace, and turned the public case machine into "Yi", many sentences read like dumb riddles, quite difficult to guess, and this book is mostly dissolved. It is believed that Fang Yizhi's "three risks": manifestation, secret impostory, and unified impostory, can be related to the theory of four haves and four nothings in Yangming's post-Yangming studies. The advantages of "manifestation" lie in the reality of reality, and there are rules and regulations to follow, such as Luo Hongxian's collection and gathering, and return to silence. But it is easy to muddy signs and lack a sense of transcendence. The advantages of "secret risk" are in the confinement of the famous face, extremely deeply studied, and reach the essence, such as Wang Longxi's innate right heart. But it is easy to destroy the law and fall into nothingness. The two complement each other, and promote their strengths and avoid their weaknesses, just as Yangming warned Qian Dehong and Wang Gi to use each other's own kung fu. Even Mou Zongsan's interpretation of the "Three Sentences of Cloud Gate" can be connected with the three impulses: "truncating the flow of the crowd" corresponds to the secret impost, demonstrating the self-discipline of the will and cutting off all metaphysical restraints; "Covering Qiankun" corresponds to manifestation, showing that the true sexual body is not only human nature, but also the nature of all things; "Follow the waves" corresponds to the unification, highlighting the connection between the metaphysical and the bottom, and realizing the essence of the mind without departing from the concrete life practice. This book also specifically throws out Fang Yizhi's four sentences, which are called the "New Four Sentences Teaching": "Zhanran has no quiet, good use is not moving, because things have no mind, and knowing the law has nothing." "It is believed that Wang Yangming attaches importance to the four haves, Wang Gi attaches importance to the four nothings, and Fang Yizhi is negating the negation, which is a higher level of nothingness. The mind and body can be determined, and the ability to be fixed is still and moving, that is, moving and static, and there is no movement and no stillness. For all things are bowed down with them, and there is no special intention, and there is no pure external thing in the nature of knowing all laws, that is, the mind is reason. Fang Yizhi used Zhuang Zen to neutralize Confucianism, and Taoism to enrich his innate conscience, and used it to cultivate the painstaking efforts of learning the abuses after the royal gate. This is not found in previous studies of Fang Yizhi and Yangming, and it is worth mentioning in particular. This book is the accumulation of Zhang Zhaowei's ideological achievements in various stages of master's and doctoral degrees, postdoctoral fellows and teaching at Wuhan University. Zhang Jun presided over the compilation of the third part of the Yangming Houxue literature, and edited the "Hu Zhi Collection", "Wan Tingyan Collection", "Zou Yuan Biao Collection" and Fang Yizhi's works. Literature and righteousness have all been painstakingly worked. Today, "The Dilemma and the Way Out of the Development of Yangmingxue" is about to be published, and the preface is Yuyu, so it is proposed to reveal one or two aspects of its innovation, so as to see Zhang Jun's painstaking study and ingenuity. He started at Peking University in 2017（AI翻译）