本研究属于词典学的范畴。本书顺应当代语言系统观的趋势，基于语义类别视角，提出了词典释义的原型（范畴）观。同时，基于汉、英部分典范语文词典或汉、汉典范语文词典释义的比较，通过定量—定性的分析，以名词、动词和形容词范畴中的部分典型类别群为研究对象，对其释义进行多个角度的分析与考量，进而对语文词典中原型（范畴）释义进行了实践上的探索。

基于语义类别的语文词典释义的多维研究是实现词典系统释义的必要步骤。当今，从语义类别的视角对释义的研究多处在零星的、个案性的、非自觉的研究层面，多未进行普遍性、规律性的归纳与探讨。所以，本研究在理论上，有利于词典学释义研究的深入与升华；在实践上，可以弥补词典释义的非系统性缺点，有利于词典释义的模式化、系统化。最后，不同词典的对比研究，有利于我们吸收先进的词典编纂中释义的经验，改进和提升汉语词典编纂的艺术与技巧，以更好地满足读者的需求。

基于语义类别的释义多维研究，既包括对类别释义现状的多角度全方位的系统分析、考量，也包括语义类别释义模式的构建。（1）类别释义的现状分析，主要是在“同场同模式”的理念下对处在同类别词条的释义语义特征的提取、释义词语的考量、释义序列性的考量等。（2）基于语义类别的释义模式即位于同一典型群系统中的义位释义结构中存在的规律性和系统性的模型，也可以简称为“原型（范畴）释义”。对于“语义类别释义”的规律性、操作性，我们提出了每个系统中常常存在一个或两个原型（基础）义位。类别中义位的释义应该分为两个层级，原型（基础）义位进行镜像性的独立释义，其他非基础（非原型）义位则在基础义位的基础上进行类别构建释义，即原型（基础）作为缺省值进入非原型（非基础）义位后，再加/减其区别性语义特征。同一语义类别同一层次的义位释义模式应该相同。这是一种具有普遍性的语义类别释义操作模式，这种理论的提出具有一定的实践指导意义。

本书选取“动物”“植物”“体育”“亲属称谓”等名词性的词条和“脚部动作”“手部动作”等动词性的词条进行了实证性的分析与操作，当然最后也涉及了语法范畴略有争议的“颜色”类词条的释义。

我们对比了英、汉语文词典中动物尤其是与人类相关的哺乳类动物词条的释义现状，发现无论《现代汉语词典》还是《简明牛津英语词典》都存在某种程度上的非系统性。而后，依据距离象似性和顺序象似性的原则，我们构建了英、汉哺乳动物类别群中不同层次的释义模型。

《现代汉语词典》共收录了约840个植物词条，其中有近200个植物词条已经引申出了表示“植物部分”的语文意义并分立了义项。通过对英、汉语文词典的释义对比，我们发现一个普遍的现象：汉语词典多是以百科性的植物义作为首要释义的对象，在此基础上给出“果实”等“植物部分”意义，而所有的西方词典都恰恰先描写“果实”等“植物部分”意义。这种释义模式不仅关系到释义的百科性倾向，而且关系到两个义项的释义模式。我们认为汉语语文词典应该借鉴英语语文词典的释义经验，故此，本研究中我们提出的此类植物词条的新的释义模式。

汲取“生成词库”理论中“物性结构”和“词语类型结构”之精华，依据“原型（范畴）理论”，我们发现无论《现代汉语词典》《现代汉语规范词典》为代表的汉语语文词典，还是以《朗文当代英语词典》为代表的英语辞书，对体育词条的释义，在词条义项的分立及排列顺序、释义的语义特征的提取、释义词语元语言的选择等几个方面都存在着些许的不足和缺憾。亲属称谓词条是学习词典和普通语文词典都会关注的语义类别，我们对国内两部不同类型词典中亲属称谓词条的释义进行了多个方面的对比分析后，发现无论是收词立项、释义词语元语言的使用，还是系统类别释义方面都有着各自的特点，而哪种状况更适合词典的类型与词典用户的需要，我们给出了建议。

相对于名词而言，动词义位具有非自足性的特点。虽然动词义位表面呈现为一个孤立的动作义符，实质上是一个被压缩进了不同角色（别义因子）的语义复合体。该语义复合体在词典中的释义就是对不同角色（别义因子）的解压缩，故理想型的动词义位的释义不但要呈现具有质的规约性的动词义核，也要凸显能够体现释义的精确度，揭示义项之间的区别的别义因子。本研究指出了寻求动词别义因子的三种渠道，也构建了适合不同类别动词的宏观释义模式。

以既定的原型（范畴）释义模式对“走”类词条在汉、英不同语文词典中的释义进行了比较后，我们发现不同类型的词典应做不同的释义为好：内向型的语文词典完全可以把简洁作为释义的首要原则，进行递归性的释义，进而实现系统释义；外向学习型的语文词典则应该彻底以基础义位为基点，对其他义位进行同一模式的释义，进而实现高度统一的系统释义。同时，我们也选取了450个“手部动作”词条，通过汉、英词典释义的对比，我们发现，与其他的类别相同，在释义别义因子的选取、释义元语言的使用、释义系统性方面还具有不同程度的欠缺，针对这些状况，我们给出了理想的释义建议。

颜色类词条的释义与其语法特征总存在着不相契合的地方。通过分析，在释义内容上，两部词典显现出较大差异，简言之是颜色词条释义的语文性的表现不同。其特点是《现代汉语词典》在颜色词条语义揭示上更像语文性而非科学性倾斜，语用上例释比例远高于《牛津》。就颜色词条的词性标注而言，我们认为《现代汉语词典》（第6版）相对于以前的版本而言，虽然做出了较大的修订和完善，但词典中有相当一部分颜色词条在词性的标注，甚至义项的分立上还有修订的空间。

关键词：语文词典 语义类别 多维 释义

This study falls under the realm of lexicography. This book conforms to the trend of modern language system view, and puts forward the archetypal (category) view of dictionary interpretation based on the perspective of semantic categories. At the same time, based on the comparison of the interpretation of some model Chinese and English dictionaries or Chinese and Chinese model language dictionaries, through quantitative and qualitative analysis, some typical category groups in the category of nouns, verbs and adjectives are used as the research objects, and their definitions are analyzed and considered from multiple angles, and then the archetypal (category) interpretation in the language dictionary is explored in practice. The multidimensional study of language dictionary interpretation based on semantic category is a necessary step to realize the interpretation of dictionary system. Nowadays, the study of interpretation from the perspective of semantic categories is mostly at the level of sporadic, case-by-case and unconscious research, and most of them have not been summarized and discussed in a universal and regular manner. Therefore, in theory, this study is conducive to the deepening and sublimation of lexicographical interpretation research; In practice, it can make up for the non-systematic shortcomings of dictionary interpretation, which is conducive to the patterning and systematization of dictionary interpretation. Finally, the comparative study of different dictionaries is conducive to absorbing the experience of interpretation in advanced lexicography, and improving and enhancing the art and skills of Chinese lexicography to better meet the needs of readers. The multidimensional study of semantic category interpretation includes not only the multi-angle and comprehensive systematic analysis and consideration of the current situation of category interpretation, but also the construction of semantic category interpretation mode. (1) The analysis of the current situation of category interpretation is mainly based on the extraction of the semantic characteristics of the interpretation of the same category of terms, the consideration of the interpretation of words, and the consideration of the sequence of interpretation under the concept of "same field and same mode". (2) Semantic category-based interpretation mode, that is, the regular and systematic model existing in the meaning interpretation structure located in the same typical group system, can also be referred to as "prototype (category) interpretation". For the regularity and operability of "semantic category interpretation", we propose that there are often one or two archetypal (basic) meanings in each system. The interpretation of the meaning bits in the category should be divided into two levels, the prototype (base) meaning position is mirrored independent interpretation, and the other non-basic (non-prototype) sense position is based on the basic sense bit for category construction interpretation, that is, the prototype (base) as the default value into the non-prototype (non-basic) meaning bit, and then add/subtract its distinguishing semantic characteristics. The same semantic category and the same level of meaning interpretation pattern should be the same. This is a universal operation mode of semantic category interpretation, and the proposal of this theory has certain practical guiding significance. This book selects noun terms such as "animal", "plant", "sports", "kinship title" and verb terms such as "foot action" and "hand action" for empirical analysis and operation, and of course, finally touches on the interpretation of the slightly controversial "color" entry in the grammar category. We compare the current state of interpretation of mammals related to animals, especially humans, in English and Chinese dictionaries, and find that both the Modern Chinese Dictionary and the Concise Oxford English Dictionary exist to some extent unsystematic. Then, based on the principles of distance iconography and sequential iconosimilarity, we construct interpretation models at different levels in English and Chinese mammal taxa. The Modern Chinese Dictionary contains about 840 plant entries, of which nearly 200 plant entries have derived the linguistic meaning of "plant part" and separated the meaning. Through the comparison of the interpretation of English and Chinese dictionaries, we find a common phenomenon: Chinese dictionaries mostly take the encyclopedic plant meaning as the primary interpretation object, on this basis, give the meaning of "plant part" such as "fruit", while all Western dictionaries first describe the meaning of "plant part" such as "fruit". This mode of interpretation is not only related to the encyclopedic tendency of interpretation, but also to the interpretation mode of two meanings. We believe that Chinese language dictionaries should learn from the interpretation experience of English language dictionaries, so in this study, we propose a new interpretation model for such plant terms. Drawing the essence of "physical property structure" and "word type structure" in the theory of "generative thesaurus", and according to the "prototype (category) theory", we find that whether it is the Chinese language dictionary represented by the Modern Chinese Dictionary and the Modern Chinese Standardized Dictionary, or the English dictionary represented by the Longman Contemporary English Dictionary, there are some deficiencies and shortcomings in the interpretation of sports terms, the separation and arrangement order of terms, the extraction of semantic features of interpretation, and the choice of metalanguage of interpretation words. After comparing and analyzing the interpretation of kinship predicate entries in two different types of dictionaries in China, we found that whether it is the collection of word items, the use of paraphrased word metalanguage, or the interpretation of system categories, we give suggestions. Verb separations are non-self-sufficient relative to nouns. Although the verb synonym is presented on the surface as an isolated action synonym , it is essentially a semantic complex compressed into different roles ( offonym factors ) . The interpretation of this semantic complex in the dictionary is the decompression of different roles (aliasing factors), so the interpretation of ideal verb meanings should not only present a qualitatively normative verb nucleus, but also highlight the distinguishing factors that can reflect the accuracy of the interpretation and reveal the difference between meanings. This study identifies three channels for seeking verb idiosyncrasy factors, and also constructs macroscopic interpretation models suitable for different types of verbs. After comparing the definitions of "go" terms in different Chinese and English dictionaries based on the established prototype (category) interpretation mode, we find that different types of dictionaries should have different interpretations: introverted language dictionaries can take conciseness as the primary principle of interpretation, carry out recursive interpretation, and then achieve systematic interpretation; Export-oriented language dictionaries should thoroughly interpret other meanings in the same mode based on basic meanings, so as to achieve a highly unified systematic interpretation. At the same time, we also selected 450 "hand movements" entries, and through the comparison of Chinese and English dictionary definitions, we found that, like other categories, there are still different degrees of deficiencies in the selection of interpretation factors, the use of paraphrase metalanguage, and the systematization of interpretation. There are always inconsistencies between the interpretation of color terms and their grammatical characteristics. Through analysis, the two dictionaries show great differences in the content of interpretation, in short, the linguistic expression of the interpretation of color terms is different. It is characterized by the fact that the Modern Chinese Dictionary is more linguistic than scientific in the semantic disclosure of color terms, and the proportion of illustrations in pragmatics is much higher than that of Oxford. As far as the part-of-speech annotation of color terms is concerned, we believe that although the Modern Chinese Dictionary (6th Edition) has made great revisions and improvements compared with previous versions, there is still room for revision in the marking of parts of speech and even the separation of meanings in the dictionary. Keywords: language dictionary semantic category multidimensional interpretation（AI翻译）