在中华民族复兴之路上，依托由中国道路、中国理论、中国制度构成的“三位一体”的中国模式至关重要。作为其中一个组成部分，职业教育如是。问题是，在中国百余年“被现代化”历程中，“西方话语”渐次主导了本土模式，遂使包括职业教育在内的自然进程遭到“断裂”。换言之，职业教育“中国话语”呈整体性被遮蔽甚至遗失，但“西方话语”最终不能破解中国问题，当下中国职业教育内在困境逐一凸显，此即关键因素之一。遂厘清传统社会匠人、匠制、匠道的基本框架，即重构职业教育“中国话语”之逻辑起点与基因谱系。尽管与之有别，但颇受“夏商周断代工程”启鉴，是故以此命名。

匠人，即手工业者。本研究试图超越这一惯常理解，遂采介先秦管子“四民分业”的政策规制，包括士、农、工、商四部分。之所以如此，关键在于，与儒学相比，“四业”多属技艺承传。以现代话语诠释，其间以“技术知识”、“缄默知识”或“实践知识”成分居多。秦汉之后，“士”成为知识分子的代称，故仅有部分属于该范畴，以“匠士”相称谓。农人、工者、商贾与“匠士”有所不同，完全归于掌握行业技艺的庶民。诸业之兴衰与农耕文明的文化底色息息相关，这些于士策、农策、工策、商策层面多有凸显。诚如“农本商末”与“农商俱利”有别，其结果自然有异。正如长期“农本”之策使农艺发明从三皇五帝至清末相继不辍，而商贾技艺虽起于商代，发展于唐宋，但辉煌时已进明清。言及匠人，传统“匠籍”制度不能逾越。设若将“匠籍”制度仅仅视作被“奴役”则有失公允，在一定意义上，“匠籍”制度对于确保技艺“家传”至关重要。自夏禹开端，商代发展，至西周成熟的“职业为氏，行业族居”的制度逐渐成为一种文化，并成为“匠籍”制度的习俗积淀。可以说，商代起对于“匠人”的垂青一直盛行于整个封建历史时期。当然，其间糟粕需有辨析。问题在于，《大学》《中庸》《论语》《孟子》等儒家经典世人皆耳熟能详，但是，东周《考工记》、宋代《营造法式》等却鲜有人知。事实上，诚如吴国盛在《科学的历程》中所揭示的：“推动人类文明进步的有两个传统，一个是哲学家传统，一个即工匠传统。”4565897这正是阐论匠人部分的主旨所在。

匠制，即匠人生产与技艺传承的制度设计。本研究主要因循两条主线。其一是行业主线，即不同行业之间传承制度之异，诚如农业传承的“劝课农桑”，工业传承的“学徒制”；其二是技艺特征主线，即具有不同特征的技艺之间传承制度之别，正如民间工艺一般采介“箕裘相继”或“学徒制”，官府工艺则是“艺徒制”。中医、艺术等则依托于专门职业学校，中国第一所职业学校——“鸿都门学”即是如此。诸制度间既有共性，又有个性，以现代话语阐释，即“产教融合”“教、学、做一体”构成诸制度共同的特征。但其间又差别各异，譬如“学徒制”的“师门文化”、“职官制”的“畴人世学”、“艺徒制”的“物勒工名”等皆各具特色。问题在于，即便是手工时代，匠人培养制度皆如此之丰富，故近代以来完全以“学校制”一统天下自然不妥。当下，在世界范围内探究“现代学徒制”，是对职业教育传统的一种“回归”。前人之宝贵经验，学界不能视而不见，这是当下设计现代职业教育制度体系的逻辑起点之一。只是于民间“隐性”存留的传统制度需经“现代化”的变革，继而在传统与现代的张力空间中构建本土职业教育制度框架。

匠道，即“工匠精神”。其对“中国制造2025”至关重要。在一定意义上，中国可参照日、德先进工艺，但不可照搬整个匠人体系，作为一种历史和文化的存在，其间的“工匠精神”尤其如此。当下言及德国工业4.0之时，每每引述德国“工匠精神”，这既是长期“被现代化”过程中由“西方话语”遮蔽所致，也在另一维度表明，德国“工匠精神”从未停止自然现代化之脚步，遂而使传统性与现代工业融合一体。支撑“中国制造2025”务须中国“工匠精神”，故需在“西方话语”遮蔽中，在民间工艺传承中，在历史文化记述中，剥离出本土的、传统的“工匠精神”是为起点。本研究在掌握翔实匠人、匠艺材料基础之上，揭示出由通艺通道、德艺兼求、维新守庸、强勉拙诚、民生家国所构成的中国本土“工匠精神”框架。与西方相比，有三点特质，即在走向、取向与信仰维度所彰显的特殊品性。就走向而言，欧洲“匠道”最终走向科学，中国“匠道”则最终走向艺术；就取向而言，欧洲“匠道”最终生成视“职业”为天职的“职业主义”4565898，中国“匠道”则最终顺应于自然之“道”；就信仰而言，欧洲“匠道”最终皈依上帝，中国“匠道”则终蕴家国情怀。二者各具特色，难分伯仲。当然，揭示该框架不是终极目的，而是视之为走向自觉现代化“重建”之路的逻辑开端。

本研究是职业教育中国话语之“传统”部分，是一种全景式、事实性描述，尽管其间多是本人个体的诠解，但并没有着意作出个人主观性的价值判断，故其价值更多属于文献层面。但历史的价值并非只拘囿于文献功用，因为“历史”是“现实”的逻辑起点，“现实”则是“历史”的延续。研究并没有就此终止，接下来，将聚焦于中国职业教育“断代工程”研究，本书是其基础。

在谋篇布局之时，本研究受美国学者桑德斯《匠人》一书启发，故以匠人、匠制、匠道三部分搭建出中国传统职业教育——基因谱系的基本框架，但并没有照搬该书一味“叙事”之手法，而多有个体“建构”之元素。但由于本人史学修养及对职业教育理解之局限，难免有错误与偏颇之处，敬请学界同人批评指正！

著者

2017.6于江城

On the road to the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, relying on the "trinity" Chinese model composed of Chinese roads, Chinese theories and Chinese systems is of great importance. As part of this, vocational education is the same. The problem is that in China's more than 100 years of "modernization", "Western discourse" has gradually dominated the local model, which has led to a "rupture" in natural processes, including vocational education. In other words, the "Chinese discourse" of vocational education is obscured or even lost as a whole, but the "Western discourse" cannot solve the Chinese problem in the end, and the internal difficulties of China's vocational education are highlighted one by one, which is one of the key factors. Therefore, the basic framework of craftsmen, craftsmanship and craftsmanship in traditional society is clarified, that is, the logical starting point and genetic genealogy of the "Chinese discourse" of vocational education are reconstructed. Although it is different from it, it is quite inspired by the "Xia Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project", which is why it is named after it. Craftsmen, i.e. craftsmen. This study attempts to go beyond this conventional understanding and introduce the policy regulation of the "four people's division of industries" of the pre-Qin pipes, including the four parts of taxi, agriculture, industry and commerce. The key to this is that, compared with Confucianism, the "four professions" are mostly inheritance of skills. Interpreted in modern terms, it is mostly composed of "technical knowledge", "silent knowledge" or "practical knowledge". After the Qin and Han dynasties, "shi" became a synonym for intellectuals, so only some of them fell into this category, and they were called "craftsmen". Farmers, workers, and merchants are different from "craftsmen" and are completely attributed to the common people who have mastered the skills of the trade. The rise and fall of various industries is closely related to the cultural background of agricultural civilization, which is highlighted at the level of science policy, agricultural policy, industrial policy, and business policy. Just as there is a difference between "the end of agriculture and commerce" and "the benefits of agricultural business", the results are naturally different. Just as the long-term "agriculture-based" strategy has led to the invention of agronomy from the three emperors and five emperors to the end of the Qing Dynasty, and although the skill of merchants began in the Shang Dynasty and developed in the Tang and Song Dynasties, it has entered the Ming and Qing Dynasties when it was brilliant. When it comes to craftsmen, the traditional "craftsmanship" system cannot be surpassed. It would be unfair to regard the "craftsmanship" system merely as "enslavement", in a certain sense, the "craftsmanship" system is essential to ensure the "family transmission" of skills. From the beginning of Xia Yu, the development of the Shang Dynasty, to the mature Western Zhou Dynasty, the system of "occupation as a clan, industry clan residence" gradually became a culture, and became the accumulation of customs of the "craftsmanship" system. It can be said that the favor for "craftsmen" since the Shang Dynasty has been prevalent throughout the feudal historical period. Of course, the waste needs to be analyzed. The problem is that Confucian classics such as "The University", "The Mean", "Analects" and "Mencius" are familiar to the world, but few people know about the Eastern Zhou "Kaogongji" and the Song Dynasty's "Building French Style". In fact, as Wu Guosheng revealed in The Course of Science: "There are two traditions that promote the progress of human civilization, one is the tradition of philosophers and the other is the tradition of craftsmen. 4565897 that's the point of the Craftsman section. Craftsmanship, that is, the system design of craftsmen's production and skill inheritance. This study mainly follows two main lines. One is the main line of the industry, that is, the difference in the inheritance system between different industries, such as the "persuasion of farmers" of agricultural inheritance and the "apprenticeship" of industrial inheritance; The second is the main line of skill characteristics, that is, the difference between the inheritance system between skills with different characteristics, just as folk crafts generally adopt "jiqiu succession" or "apprenticeship", and official crafts are "apprenticeship". Traditional Chinese medicine and art rely on specialized vocational schools, such as China's first vocational school, "Hongdumenxue". There are both commonalities and personalities between the various systems, which are explained in modern terms, that is, "integration of industry and education" and "teaching, learning and doing" constitute the common characteristics of all systems. However, there are different differences, such as the "teacher culture" of the "apprenticeship", the "domain of human life" of the official system, and the "name of the worker" of the apprenticeship. The problem is that even in the handicraft era, the system of training craftsmen was so rich, so it was naturally inappropriate to completely dominate the world with the "school system" in modern times. At present, the exploration of "modern apprenticeship" in the world is a "return" to the tradition of vocational education. The valuable experience of predecessors cannot be ignored by the academic community, which is one of the logical starting points for the current design of modern vocational education system system. It is only that the traditional system that exists "hidden" by the people needs to undergo "modernization" reform, and then build a local vocational education system framework in the tension between tradition and modernity. Craftsmanship, that is, "craftsman spirit". It is crucial to "Made in China 2025". In a certain sense, China can refer to the advanced craftsmanship of Japan and Germany, but it cannot copy the entire craftsman system, as a historical and cultural existence, especially the "craftsman spirit" in the meantime. When talking about German Industry 4.0, every time the German "craftsman spirit" is quoted, which is not only caused by the "Western discourse" in the process of long-term "modernization", but also shows that the German "craftsman spirit" has never stopped the pace of natural modernization, so that tradition and modern industry are integrated. To support "Made in China 2025", China's "craftsman spirit" is required, so it is necessary to strip out the local and traditional "craftsman spirit" as the starting point in the cover of "Western discourse", in the inheritance of folk crafts, and in historical and cultural accounts. Based on the mastery of detailed craftsmen and craftsmanship materials, this study reveals the framework of China's local "craftsman spirit" composed of the channel of general art, both virtue and art, restoration and mediocrity, strong and humble sincerity, and people's livelihood. Compared with the West, there are three characteristics, that is, the special qualities manifested in the dimensions of direction, orientation and belief. In terms of direction, the European "craftsmanship" eventually leads to science, and the Chinese "craftsmanship" eventually leads to art; In terms of orientation, the European "craftsmanship" eventually developed a "careerist" 4565898 that regarded "occupation" as a vocation, while the Chinese "craftsmanship" eventually conformed to the "way" of nature; As far as faith is concerned, the European "craftsmanship" eventually converts to God, while the Chinese "craftsmanship" ultimately embodies the feelings of home and country. The two have their own characteristics and are difficult to distinguish. Of course, revealing this framework is not the ultimate goal, but rather a logical beginning on the road to conscious modernization. This research is a "traditional" part of the Chinese discourse of vocational education, which is a panoramic and factual description, although it is mostly an individual interpretation, but does not deliberately make personal subjective value judgments, so its value belongs more to the level of literature. However, the value of history is not limited to the function of documents, because "history" is the logical starting point of "reality", and "reality" is the continuation of "history". The research does not stop there, and will focus on the research of China's vocational education "generation-breaking project", which is the foundation of which this book is the foundation. At the time of planning the layout of the article, this research was inspired by the American scholar Sanders' book "The Craftsman", so the three parts of craftsman, craftsmanship and craftsmanship were used to build the basic framework of traditional Chinese vocational education - genetic genealogy, but did not copy the book's blind "narrative" method, but had many elements of individual "construction". However, due to the limitations of my historical accomplishment and understanding of vocational education, it is inevitable that there will be errors and biases, please criticize and correct the academic circles! Author: June 2017 in Jiangcheng（AI翻译）