协商民主并非西方“舶来品”,“协商”在中国的发展可谓“有根、有源、有生命力”。尽管西方理论界较早使用了协商民主（Deliberative Democracy）概念，但是，客观来看，协商不仅厚植于中国传统文化土壤，也深刻践行于我国政治生活与社会生活各个领域，中国是世界上第一个广泛、多层、制度化实践协商民主的国家。政治协商与社会协商的蓬勃发展共同彰显出“独特的、独有的、独到的”民主治理优势和魅力，协商已然成为中国共产党领导广大人民群众治国理政、发展民主、科学决策、构建和谐的重要方式之一。

近年来，我国社会面临着价值观念急剧变化、利益格局显著调整、社会结构深刻变迁、社会风险日渐加大等多重治理挑战。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记提出了一系列关于社会治理和国家治理的新理念、新思想、新战略，针对中国特色社会主义民主政治发展也作出了重大战略部署。2012年，党的十八大第一次明确提出“社会主义协商民主”概念，并将其界定为我国人民民主的重要形式；党的十八届三中全会则在此基础上进一步将协商民主划分为五大领域——“立法协商、行政协商、民主协商、参政协商和社会协商”，实质上已经形成了社会主义协商民主体系由“政治协商”和“社会协商”共同构成的基本认识；党的十九大高度重视“发挥社会主义协商民主重要作用”，强调在国家治理和社会治理中综合运用多样化协商方式与手段，切实保证人民当家作主不仅落实在国家政治生活中，还要深入体现在社会生活之中，使得民众拥有广泛深入持续参与的权利。这一理论表述进一步明确主张了社会主义协商民主体系的“政治协商+社会协商”双重架构。概言之，社会主义协商民主发端于政治协商，尽管政治协商在社会主义中国积淀了深厚的实践基础与制度基础，也是当下推进协商民主建设的重要渠道，但是，基层社会协商实践创新的异军突起与良好发展态势表明，社会与大众已经开始对其广泛关注并积极投身其中，协商的主体、内容、渠道等正在从政治领域向全社会范围广泛延伸拓展。协商民主从政治领域过渡到更加广泛的社会空间并显现出前所未有的现代价值意涵，这是中国方案和中国道路对世界民主政治文明发展的重要贡献，具有重大的世界意义与历史意义。

什么是社会协商？为什么要开展社会协商？由谁协商？协商什么？如何协商？这是本书亟待深入研究的重点问题。习近平总书记特别强调，“社会主义协商民主应该是实实在在、而不是做样子的，应该是全方位的、而不是局限在某个方面的，应该是全国上上下下都要做的、而不是局限在某一级的。”从协商本质来看，政治协商是由中国共产党与各民主党派等政治力量就改革发展稳定等全局性问题采取代表参与的协商形式，属于间接民主的范畴，其效用空间主要聚焦于国家政治生活领域；而社会协商则是广泛动员广大民众、企事业单位、社会组织、社会团体等社会力量直接参与社会公共事务以及涉及民众切身利益等实际问题的协商形式，体现出直接民主的性质，其关注焦点主要集中于社会生活领域，是一种有效推进“政府—社会—民众”深度合作、不断促进基层社会自治的新型民主治理模式，是对中国特色社会主义协商民主的独特探索。事实上，社会协商既是党和国家推进民主治理的制度自觉，也是衡量社会公众民主素养的重要尺度。现实表明，由于新时期以来社会结构的深刻变迁以及社会利益日趋多元化引致社会矛盾凸显、群体性事件频发，尤为迫切需要运用社会协商的手段方式加以调和化解，社会协商集治理型民主与参与型民主为一体，在推进社会治理和国家治理现代化中具有重要的价值功能和丰富的实现形式。

总的来看，协商民主视域中的社会协商概念渐趋明晰，但是中国特色社会协商的理论建构仍然相对滞后，学界在这一领域的开创性研究成果较为缺乏，既有研究成果大多呈现为碎片化、表层化及孤立化的特点。显而易见，社会协商不仅仅是一项较具学理研究价值的理论问题，同样也是一个具有极强现实意义的实践问题。在基层社会协商实践的不断创新发展过程中，逐渐凸显出一系列现实问题与制度机制困境，这势必要求加快构建系统化、科学化、本土化的中国特色社会协商理论，以期全面指导社会协商实践的制度化、规范化、程序化发展。为此，本书将重点厘清社会协商的基本概念，深入分析社会协商在社会主义协商民主体系中的层次定位，挖掘梳理中国特色社会协商的内生渊源，以期较为全面地建构中国特色社会协商的基本理论。在此基础上，深刻归纳总结社会协商实践的生成机制，通过对东中西部城乡社区协商实践的典型个案比较，综合运用规范分析与实证分析相结合的方法概括提炼社会协商的中国经验，洞悉其中存在的诸多困境与突出问题，进而探讨构建中国特色社会协商的根本遵循、基本理路与关键对策。基于协商民主视域全面审视和把握中国特色社会协商的理论建构与实践创新问题，本书主体结构如下：

绪论部分主要就中国特色社会协商的问题缘起、理论背景、研究意义、研究现状等内容进行了较为深入细致的文献梳理与分析，明晰了本书的基本思路，结合实际综合采取了多种研究方法，并针对本书的创新点、重点难点内容进行了必要的阐释。

第一章主要基于社会主义协商民主体系的宏观视域重点厘清社会协商的基本概念，既要明晰协商民主在社会主义民主中的层次定位，又要把握社会协商在社会主义协商民主体系中究竟居于何种层次，又如何对其进行精准定位。与此同时，通过深入分析社会协商内在蕴含的思想包容性、参与平等性、程序公开性、成果共享性等特征，全面认识社会协商在巩固党的执政基础、推进民主政治发展、促进社会治理现代化等方面的重要价值。社会协商既是实现党的领导巩固党的执政基础的重要方式，也是推进中国特色社会主义民主政治发展的内在要求，还是实现社会治理与国家治理现代化的主要路径。全面深入分析社会协商的基本概念、主要特征与重要价值，是构建中国特色社会协商理论的逻辑前提与重要基础。

第二章重点挖掘探究中国特色社会协商的内生渊源，彻底破除将其视为西方“舶来品”的错误理论倾向。作为社会主义协商民主体系重要组成部分的社会协商深深地根植于中国的历史与现实，历史因素、现实国情为社会协商建设和发展提供了起点和基础，内容丰富、形式多样的社会协商也为人类探索更好的民主政治制度提供了“中国模式”和“中国方案”。马克思主义的根本指导思想奠定了中国特色社会协商的理论基础，中国传统文化中的协商思想理念积淀了社会协商的文化渊源，中华人民共和国成立以来中国共产党领导人民探索社会主义协商民主的制度实践彰显出社会协商的强大生命力。概言之，本土化理论属性与内生性实践特质充分论证了社会协商在中国“有根、有源、有生命力”，是中国共产党和中国人民的伟大创造。

在前两章的基础上，第三章重点围绕协商主体（由谁协商）、协商客体（协商什么）及协商场域（如何协商）等层面探究中国特色社会协商理论的核心内容。自改革开放以来，历经长时段的基层实践探索与国家制度推进，社会协商已在全国各地萌芽生根，但现实中还常常存在借用“西方理论”来裁量与指导“中国实践”的现象，中国特色社会协商的“理论建构”刻不容缓，为此，必须立足中国国情，深入研究社会协商的理论逻辑。社会协商主体是“一核”与“多元”的有机统一与交互建构，在“一核多元”主体结构中必须深刻凸显并始终强化党的领导核心主体地位。社会协商客体重在表明主体实践活动所指涉的客观对象，亦即协商议题或协商内容，重点聚焦于社会公共利益与涉及民众切实利益的领域，着力解决基层社会公共服务以及民生领域的“民事”与“小事”。构建中国特色社会协商理论，同样需要面对和解决在哪些场域开展协商、需要借助何种协商样态方法、需要遵循什么样的协商程序等问题，对社会协商进路、场域、样态以及程序的综合分析是构建中国特色社会协商理论的重要一环。

时代是思想之母，实践是理论之源。第四章力图全面深入分析中国特色社会协商的经验与困境。21世纪初以来，我国的社会结构调整与社会转型变迁进程正在进一步加快，传统社会管理模式正悄然向现代社会治理模式发生转变，多元协商主体活力得到了全面激发，协商议题内容愈发广泛包容，协商场域渠道更趋多层覆盖。广泛、多层、制度化的社会协商实践深植于基层社会，可谓是“百花齐放”，也进一步呈现出“枝繁叶茂”之势，构建中国特色社会协商还需从实践维度对其中的“经验”与“困境”加以审视，以城乡社区协商实践的典型个案为例，重点分析其生成机制、现实形态与程序方法，在案例比较的基础上梳理“真经验”，找准“真问题”，探究“真原因”，惟其如此才能够从根本上破解协商实践“困境”，从而为顺利推动社会协商实践发展提供科学、合理、有效的路径支持。

第五章重在从实践应用的维度提出中国特色社会协商的构建理路与关键对策。构建中国特色社会主义社会协商是一个兼具鲜明理论性和强烈实践性的重要时代课题。协商理论来源于多样化的协商实践创新，系统化的协商理论也为协商实践发展提供了科学指导。当下，无论是社会协商理论构建抑或是协商实践探索都必须遵循一些共同性的原则，其中，始终坚持和加强党的领导是最具根本性和最为重要的原则。针对社会协商实践中存在的诸多困境和问题，需要从夯实认同基础、重构主体职能边界、建立协商制度体系等方面明确构建社会协商的基本理路，在此指导下，重点分析探讨构建社会协商的关键之策。

结语与展望部分不仅对本书的整体思路与理论逻辑脉络作出简要的回顾总结，还客观反思了当前研究尚未触及的重要问题以及下一步亟待探索延展的基本方向。在今后的学习科研工作中深入思考社会协商在社会治理中的生成机理与演进规律，将理论研究建立在客观、具体、翔实的实证分析基础之上，尤其是重点测度分析不同协商主体在协商活动中的地位与条件，从而增强社会协商治理模式的操作性与适用性，在实践观察与实证分析中不断丰富与发展中国特色社会协商理论研究。

Consultative democracy is not an "imported product" from the West, and the development of "consultation" in China can be described as "rooted, sourced, and vibrant". Although Western theorists used the concept of deliberative democracy earlier, objectively speaking, consultation is not only rooted in the soil of traditional Chinese culture, but also deeply practiced in all fields of China's political and social life, and China is the world's first extensive, multi-layered and institutionalized country to practice consultative democracy. The vigorous development of political consultation and social consultation has jointly demonstrated the advantages and charm of "unique, unique and unique" democratic governance, and consultation has become one of the important ways for the Communist Party of China to lead the broad masses of the people to govern the country, develop democracy, make scientific decisions and build harmony. In recent years, China's society has faced multiple governance challenges, such as rapid changes in values, significant adjustments in the pattern of interests, profound changes in social structure, and increasing social risks. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has put forward a series of new concepts, new ideas and new strategies on social governance and national governance, and has also made major strategic arrangements for the development of socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics. In 2012, the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China for the first time clearly put forward the concept of "socialist consultative democracy" and defined it as an important form of people's democracy in China; On this basis, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee further divided consultative democracy into five major areas - "legislative consultation, administrative consultation, democratic consultation, political participation consultation and social consultation", which in essence has formed the basic understanding that the socialist consultative democratic system is composed of "political consultation" and "social consultation"; The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China attached great importance to "giving play to the important role of socialist consultative democracy", emphasizing the comprehensive use of diversified consultation methods and means in national governance and social governance, and effectively ensuring that the people's mastery of the country is not only implemented in the country's political life, but also deeply reflected in social life, so that the people have the right to extensive, in-depth and sustained participation. This theoretical formulation further clearly advocates the dual structure of "political consultation + social consultation" of the socialist consultative democratic system. In short, socialist consultative democracy originated from political consultation, and although political consultation has accumulated a profound practical and institutional foundation in socialist China, and is also an important channel for promoting the construction of consultative democracy at present, the sudden emergence and good development trend of grassroots social consultation practice innovation shows that the society and the public have begun to pay extensive attention to it and actively participate in it, and the subject, content and channels of consultation are widely extended and expanded from the political field to the whole society. The transition of deliberative democracy from the political field to a broader social space and the unprecedented modern value connotation are important contributions of China's plan and Chinese road to the development of world democratic political civilization, and are of great world and historical significance. What is social consultation? Why social consultation? Who negotiates? What to negotiate? How to negotiate? This is the focus of this book's in-depth study. General Secretary Xi Jinping particularly stressed that "socialist consultative democracy should be real, not pretentious, should be all-round, not limited to a certain aspect, and should be done from top to bottom of the country, not limited to a certain level." "From the essence of consultation, political consultation is a form of consultation in which the Communist Party of China and various democratic parties and other political forces adopt the participation of representatives on overall issues such as reform, development and stability, which belongs to the category of indirect democracy, and its utility space mainly focuses on the field of national political life; Social consultation is a form of consultation that widely mobilizes the general public, enterprises and institutions, social organizations, social groups and other social forces to directly participate in social and public affairs and practical issues involving the vital interests of the people, reflecting the nature of direct democracy, and its focus is mainly concentrated in the field of social life, which is a new democratic governance model that effectively promotes in-depth cooperation between "government-society-people" and continuously promotes grassroots social autonomy, and is a unique exploration of socialist consultative democracy with Chinese characteristics. In fact, social consultation is not only the institutional consciousness of the party and the state to promote democratic governance, but also an important yardstick to measure the democratic literacy of the public. Reality shows that due to the profound changes in social structure since the new era and the increasing diversification of social interests, which have led to prominent social contradictions and frequent mass incidents, it is particularly urgent to use the means and methods of social consultation to reconcile and resolve, which integrates governance democracy and participatory democracy, and has important value functions and rich forms of realization in promoting social governance and national governance modernization. In general, the concept of social consultation in the perspective of deliberative democracy has gradually become clearer, but the theoretical construction of social consultation with Chinese characteristics is still relatively lagging behind, and the pioneering research results in this field are relatively lacking, and most of the existing research results are fragmented, superficial and isolated. Obviously, social consultation is not only a theoretical issue with academic research value, but also a practical issue with strong practical significance. In the process of continuous innovation and development of grassroots social consultation practice, a series of practical problems and institutional dilemma have gradually become prominent, which is bound to require accelerating the construction of a systematic, scientific and localized social consultation theory with Chinese characteristics, in order to comprehensively guide the institutionalized, standardized and procedural development of social consultation practice. To this end, this book will focus on clarifying the basic concept of social consultation, deeply analyzing the hierarchical positioning of social consultation in the socialist consultative democratic system, and excavating and sorting out the endogenous origin of social consultation with Chinese characteristics, in order to comprehensively construct the basic theory of social consultation with Chinese characteristics. On this basis, this paper profoundly summarizes the generation mechanism of social consultation practice, compares typical cases of urban and rural community consultation practice in the east, central and western regions, comprehensively uses the combination of normative analysis and empirical analysis to summarize and refine the Chinese experience of social consultation, and provides insight into many dilemmas and prominent problems, and then discusses the fundamental compliance, basic rationale and key countermeasures for building social consultation with Chinese characteristics. Based on the perspective of deliberative democracy, comprehensively examine and grasp the theoretical construction and practical innovation of social consultation with Chinese characteristics, the main structure of this book is as follows: the introduction part mainly conducts a more in-depth and detailed literature combing and analysis on the origin, theoretical background, research significance, research status and other contents of social consultation with Chinese characteristics, clarifies the basic ideas of this book, comprehensively adopts a variety of research methods in combination with reality, and provides necessary explanations for the innovation points and key difficulties of this book. The first chapter is mainly based on the macro perspective of the socialist consultative democratic system, focusing on clarifying the basic concept of social consultation, not only to clarify the hierarchical positioning of consultative democracy in socialist democracy, but also to grasp what level social consultation occupies in the socialist consultative democratic system, and how to accurately position it. At the same time, through in-depth analysis of the inherent characteristics of social consultation, such as ideological inclusiveness, equality of participation, openness of procedures, and sharing of results, we will comprehensively understand the important value of social consultation in consolidating the party's ruling foundation, promoting the development of democratic politics, and promoting the modernization of social governance. Social consultation is not only an important way to realize the party's leadership and consolidate the party's ruling foundation, but also an inherent requirement for promoting the development of socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics, and also the main path to realize the modernization of social governance and national governance. A comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the basic concepts, main characteristics and important values of social consultation is the logical premise and important foundation for constructing the theory of social consultation with Chinese characteristics. Chapter 2 focuses on exploring the endogenous origins of social consultation with Chinese characteristics, and completely dispelling the erroneous theoretical tendency to regard it as an "imported product" of the West. As an important part of the socialist consultative democratic system, social consultation is deeply rooted in China's history and reality, historical factors and actual national conditions provide the starting point and foundation for the construction and development of social consultation, and social consultation with rich content and diverse forms also provides the "Chinese model" and "Chinese plan" for mankind to explore a better democratic political system. The fundamental guiding ideology of Marxism has laid the theoretical foundation for social consultation with Chinese characteristics, the ideological concept of consultation in traditional Chinese culture has accumulated the cultural origin of social consultation, and the CPC has led the people to explore the institutional practice of socialist consultative democracy since the founding of the People's Republic of China, demonstrating the strong vitality of social consultation. In short, the theoretical attributes and endogenous practical characteristics of localization fully demonstrate that social consultation "has roots, sources and vitality" in China, and is a great creation of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people. On the basis of the first two chapters, the third chapter focuses on the core content of social consultation theory with Chinese characteristics at the level of negotiation subject (who negotiates), negotiation object (what to negotiate) and negotiation field (how to negotiate). Since the reform and opening up, after a long period of grassroots practice exploration and the promotion of the state system, social consultation has taken root throughout the country, but in reality there is often a phenomenon of borrowing "Western theory" to determine and guide "Chinese practice", and the "theoretical construction" of social consultation with Chinese characteristics cannot be delayed. The main body of social consultation is the organic unity and interactive construction of "one core" and "pluralism", and it is necessary to profoundly highlight and always strengthen the main body position of the party's leadership core in the main structure of "one core pluralism". The object of social consultation indicates the objective object referred to in the subject's practical activities, that is, the negotiation topic or consultation content, focusing on the social public interest and the areas involving the practical interests of the people, and focusing on solving the "civil" and "small matters" in the field of grassroots social public services and people's livelihood. To construct the theory of social consultation with Chinese characteristics, it is also necessary to face and solve the problems of which fields to carry out consultation, what kind of consultation methods need to be used, and what kind of consultation procedures need to be followed, and the comprehensive analysis of social consultation approaches, fields, patterns and procedures is an important part of constructing the theory of social consultation with Chinese characteristics. The era is the mother of ideas, and practice is the source of theory. Chapter 4 attempts to comprehensively and deeply analyze the experiences and dilemmas of social consultation with Chinese characteristics. Since the beginning of the 21st century, China's social structure adjustment and social transformation process is further accelerating, the traditional social management model is quietly transforming into a modern social governance model, the vitality of multiple consultation subjects has been fully stimulated, the content of consultation topics has become more extensive and inclusive, and the consultation field channels have become more multi-layered. Extensive, multi-layered and institutionalized social consultation practice is deeply rooted in grassroots society, which can be described as "a hundred flowers blooming", and further presents a trend of "flourishing", the construction of social consultation with Chinese characteristics also needs to examine the "experience" and "dilemma" from the practical dimension, taking typical cases of urban and rural community consultation practice as an example, focusing on analyzing its generation mechanism, realistic form and procedural methods, combing "real experience" on the basis of case comparison, identifying "real problems", and exploring "real causes". Only in this way can we fundamentally solve the "dilemma" of consultation practice, so as to provide scientific, reasonable and effective path support for smoothly promoting the development of social consultation practice. Chapter 5 focuses on the construction of social consultation with Chinese characteristics and key countermeasures from the perspective of practical application. Building a socialist social consultation with Chinese characteristics is an important topic of the times with both distinct theory and strong practical nature. Negotiation theory comes from diversified negotiation practice innovation, and systematic negotiation theory also provides scientific guidance for the development of negotiation practice. At present, whether it is the construction of social consultation theory or the exploration of consultation practice, we must follow some common principles, among which always adhering to and strengthening the party's leadership is the most fundamental and important principle. In view of the many dilemmas and problems existing in the practice of social consultation, it is necessary to clarify the basic rationale for building social consultation from the aspects of consolidating the foundation of identity, reconstructing the boundary of main functions, and establishing a consultation system system. The conclusion and outlook section not only briefly reviews and summarizes the overall idea and theoretical logic of this book, but also objectively reflects on the important issues that have not yet been touched by the current research and the basic directions that need to be explored and extended in the next step. In the future study and scientific research work, we will deeply consider the generation mechanism and evolution law of social consultation in social governance, and base theoretical research on objective, specific and detailed empirical analysis, especially focusing on measuring and analyzing the status and conditions of different consultation subjects in consultation activities, so as to enhance the operability and applicability of social consultation governance model, and continuously enrich and develop the theoretical research of social consultation with Chinese characteristics in practical observation and empirical analysis.（AI翻译）