本书所谓治水，是指运河开掘与运道保障相关的水利工程、水利事业，以黄河治理为主；所谓通运，是指与运河相关的水上运输，以漕粮运输为主。由于海运是河运的延伸，水战是水运的极端形式，造船是水运的基石，所以本书在研究中国古代治水通运的同时，也附带研究中国古代的海运、水战和造船进步史。

先前学者，将中国古代运河和漕运史分为四期或三期。汪胡桢1935年发表的《运河之沿革》，从工程技术进步角度将研究对象分为四期：春秋至隋代不用船闸只用堰埭；唐宋两代试用船闸；元、明至清中叶全河用闸；晚清为海运和铁路时期。谭其骧1955年发表的《黄河与运河的变迁》根据有无中心点和中心点在哪里将研究对象分为三期：先隋没有中心点；隋唐宋三朝有中心点，但中心点在西部；元明清三朝中心点在东北部。本书用可持续发展理论审视中国古代治河通运史，将研究对象分为两期：先秦至元朝为古代中国人不断追求水运梦想且水运基本可持续时期，明清两朝为在不可持续中追求持续时代。这一划分比汪胡桢、谭其骧要合理得多，而且有充分的历史根据。

隋唐南部运河与黄河之间有汴渠做缓冲，汴渠在洛阳、郑州之间接入黄河，这里土质坚实、堤岸高厚，汴口易于控制，而且过水泥沙由汴渠吸附消化；北部运河从支流沁水出入黄河，黄河水位低于支流，不会倒灌运河。元代漕运以海运为主，河运虽然在淮安切过黄淮，但南方漕船翻坝入黄淮，黄淮不会倒灌运河；当时黄、淮河床尚低于运河，河运漕运尚可持续。

明清运河是在淮安过闸直入黄淮，且运行于黄河入淮数百年之后，河水渐欲东去北冲期间，尤其是嘉靖前期黄河干流直接在淮安入淮后，黄、淮、运三河又交会于清口，超越中国江河水情许可和超越水利技术承受能力过多。加上吏治贪墨积重难返，河漕不可持续弊端暴露，对前代河漕运量超越的光环逐渐暗淡，不可持续的质变带来的治河通漕麻烦让社会不堪重负。

总之，中国古代水运、漕运持续两千多年。各朝漕运有数量消长和运程伸缩，但本质上呈现先明可持续和明清不可持续两种形态。本书只把中国古代水运史分为先明和明清两个阶段，认为前者不断圆古代中国水运梦，而本质上具有可持续性，后者在不可持续中锐意追求河运持续。

一 前期治水通运筑梦进程

先秦至元朝治水通运，是一部不断追求梦想和连续成就梦想的历史。各朝各代仁人志士认知水情、把握规律、征服江河、开拓运道，都做出了可歌可泣的业绩，不断把水运自然推向水运自由。

（一）三代征服自然江河，开启水运初程

大禹奠先民生存、华夏立国之基。活下去是人类的第一梦想。华夏先民遭遇滔天洪水，“当尧之时，水逆行，泛滥于中国，蛇龙居之，民无所定”。5628412当时生存环境的恶劣，至今仍让人不寒而栗。洪水和禽兽横行，不治水就无法生存下去。于是，大禹临危受命，率先民迎战并且最终战胜了洪水，圆了先民生存梦想。

大禹治水，是先民众志筑梦之举。奉舜命治水的还有益和后稷，他们“命诸侯百姓兴人徒以傅土，行山表木，定高山大川”。兴众发役，刊木疏凿，改造山河。其中大禹对治水起主导作用，他“伤先人父鲧功之不成受诛，乃劳身焦思，居外十三年，过家门不敢入”5628413。从司马迁关于禹“道九山”“道九川”内容的揭示，参以其他典籍相关记载，可知大禹治水范围之广，足迹达到黄河上中下游、淮河上中游、济水上中下游和长江中下游。其中于治理黄河用力为多，“东过洛汭，至于大伾，北过降水，至于大陆，又北播为九河，同为逆河，入于海”。5628414他江河并治，“凿龙门，辟伊阙，决江浚河，东注之海”。5628415经过十多年艰苦奋战，“九州攸同，四奥既居，九山刊旅，九川涤原，九泽既陂，四海会同”。5628416山有行道，江河无壅，湖泊不决，先民得以安居。

治水之后，大禹又“令益予众庶稻，可种卑湿。命后稷予众庶难得之食”。益和后稷把水稻种植推广于低湿之地，解决人民吃饭问题。各地粮食生产不平衡，“食少，调有余相给，以均诸侯。禹乃行相地宜所有以贡，及山川之便利”。5628417大禹继而解决调剂余缺和贡运夏都问题，圆通运于自然江河梦想。为此，他踏勘山川，分天下为九州，根据各自土质物产和山川地势确定各地向王朝进贡物品及其水运路线。治水，先民才有生存空间；种稻，苍生才有衣食之资；通运，天下才有一统之感。这一切，始于治水而成于水运。禹舜告成功于天下的那一刻，中华民族初圆安居生存梦想。

大禹治水是先民勇于寻梦、善于筑梦的壮歌。治水装备极为简陋，而战胜洪水的经验极具普遍意义。大禹治水奠定了古代中国重视科技、尊重规律，对自然江河避害趋利，以实现水上通行自由的传统。他凭借自己对江河水情和自然规律的认识，反思以堵治水的惨痛教训，用疏导入海的办法治理洪水。他在此基础上调查各州物产，本着就近入河的原则，以夏都为终点、以黄河为干道，规划了天下贡运路线，极富创新精神。

夏都在今山西南部近河处。贡运无须涉海的六州，以黄河为干道。自西至东分别是：雍州由积石至龙门沿河而下，梁州由潜入沔、由沔入渭、由渭入河，豫州由雒水入河，荆州由江、沱、涔、汉诸水会于雒水入河，青州通过汶、济二水入河，兖州通过济、漯二水入河。贡运需要经由海道的二州，冀州岛夷的皮服在碣石入海，然后入黄河口西上；扬州出江入海、由海入淮，再由泗入河，路线合理。

大禹在治水中表现出的高风亮节，“薄衣食，致孝于鬼神。卑宫室，致费于沟淢”。5628418方里为井，井间有沟；十里有成，成间有淢。大禹不仅治河，还从事田野规划。其传统美德，成为后代治水通运的榜样力量和先驱激励。

大禹通运，充分利用自然江河并有条件地接入些许海道，直到春秋之前基本延续着这一水运模式。当然，商、周二代在夏代基础上又有各自水运创新方向。商代对海洋漂流有相当的认识和利用，与海外保持着有效的人、物交流，国内形成相当规模的内河水运业；周代内河运兵能力大增，数次通过自然江河大规模运兵，有效地维护了国家统一。

（二）春秋战国放慢海运探索脚步，重视开掘运河

到了春秋战国，诸侯割据、争战愈演愈烈，大禹奠定的三代治水通运大一统格局，已经不能适应时代条件；只利用自然江河的通运模式，也极大限制了诸侯的水运手脚。随着周王日益失去号令天下的实力，天下再度步入四分五裂。重新统一天下、再建大一统王朝，机会均等地落在较大诸侯的肩上。水运梦作为统一梦、强国梦的一部分，开拓水运成为增强实力、统一天下的必由之路，开拓运河成为担当天下的时代主旋律。诸侯通过人工挖掘运河争取发展空间，“自是之后，荥阳下引河东南为鸿沟，以通宋、郑、陈、蔡、曹、卫，与济、汝、淮、泗会。于楚，西方则通渠汉水、云梦之野，东方则通（鸿）沟江淮之间。于吴，则通渠三江、五湖。于齐，则通菑济之间。于蜀，蜀守冰凿离碓，辟沫水之害，穿二江成都之中。此渠皆可行舟，有余则用溉浸，百姓飨其利”。5628419司马迁此言涵盖了春秋战国开成的主要运河和魏国、齐国、楚国、吴国、秦国等主要诸侯的开河业绩。

立国于江淮流域的吴、楚，开凿运河领天下之先。早在西周初，吴人就开成长81里的泰伯渎，以灌溉为主兼有通舟之利。春秋后期，伍子胥开凿从苏州过宜兴、溧阳至芜湖达长江的胥溪，以便对楚国展开军事行动；开凿西接太湖、东入大海的胥浦，加强对越国的防御。后来又在江、淮间城邗开沟，在黄河、济水之间开菏水，使吴国水军得以过江行邗沟入淮，沿淮泗经菏水溯黄河而西，与齐、晋北方强国争一日之长。楚国幅员辽阔，文王都江陵，庄王在位期间凿渠于江陵东南的漳水与扬水之间，成沟通长江与汉水的运河六百里。

早期楚国依托江汉运河通漕运兵，兼并汉上诸国；后期楚国先后迁都于陈、于巨阳、于寿春，依托鸿沟水系灭越，把势力扩张到东海。

立国于黄、济二渎中下游的魏、齐二国，治水通运奋起直追，梁惠王迁都大梁的次年开河于荥阳至中牟，引黄河水至圃水，“入河水于圃田，又为大沟而引圃水”5628420至大梁。梁惠王二十九年（前341），又从大梁“为大沟于北郛，以行圃田之水”5628421东向接丹水，南向过陈地接颍水，最后形成沟通黄河、淮河与济水的人工运河——鸿沟，先后惠及魏、楚、齐等国。齐国都城偏在海滨，开河于淄水、济水之间，由淄济运河入济、泗，连通黄河和鸿沟，得逐鹿中原之利。

立国于江、河上游的秦国，注重开河大兴农业之利。秦昭王后期，蜀守李冰开都江堰，“壅江作堋，穿郫江、检江，别支流双过郡下，以行舟船”。5628422离碓复凿之艰、分水鱼嘴之精、灌溉良田之广、发挥功效之久，让今人叹为观止。秦王政初年，秦人开郑国渠，“凿泾水自中山西邸瓠口为渠，并北山东注洛三百余里，欲以溉田。……渠就，用注填阏之水，溉泽卤之地四万余顷，收皆亩一钟”。5628423于是，秦国北部关中、南部巴蜀皆成沃野，日益富强，最终一统六国，成就大一统梦想。

春秋战国时期，中华民族的最大梦想是建立大一统的国家。所以，当时列国所行无论何种形式的兼并战争，都是在有意无意地圆统一之梦。而开凿运河，是列国获得统一天下实力和优势的必由之路。

（三）秦汉整合列国运道，初圆大一统漕运梦想，再启寻梦海洋征程

秦始皇统一天下后四次巡海，汉武帝七次巡海，体现了秦汉大一统王朝继殷商之后重新放眼四海、重振征服海洋雄风的志向。

秦始皇、汉武帝出于北击匈奴、安定边防的需要，都曾整合、整治北方运道，扩大和强化大一统漕运，秦始皇通过渤海运山东半岛之粟至北河，汉武帝把以黄河为干道的漕运功效发挥到极致。

秦国蚕食六国期间，开河主要着眼于农业灌溉；灭掉六国后对匈奴和百越用兵，侧重水运转运粮草。蒙恬率军30万对匈奴用兵，击退匈奴后修筑长城，粮草需要浩繁，仅靠关中陆路接济是远远不够的，于是“使天下蜚刍挽粟，起于黄、腄、琅邪负海之郡，转输北河，率三十钟而致一石”5628424。以山东半岛的黄县、福山县和青岛等地为基地，跨渤海运至碣石入北河到达军前和工地，运输成本非常高昂。在南方，“又使尉（佗）屠睢将楼船之士南攻百越，使监禄凿渠运粮，深入越，越人遁逃”。5628425所凿之渠即灵渠。《广西通志》卷63名宦“秦史禄”条，言灵渠来龙去脉和关键技术较为详尽：“始皇时，以史禄监郡。始皇伐百粤，史禄转饷，凿渠通粮道。自海阳山疏水源，以湘水北入于楚，而融江为牂牁下流南入于海，远不相谋。为矶以激水于砂磕中，叠石作铧，派湘之流而注之融，激行六十里，置陡门三十六，使水积渐进，故能循崖而上，建瓴而下，既通舟楫又利灌溉，号为灵渠。”5628426有了此渠，粮饷由湘江入漓水送达前线，得以完成统一大业。

汉武帝不愿以和亲输币的方式维护北方边疆安全，选择以战争方式打垮匈奴、一劳永逸地削除边患，这是所有汉朝人的梦想。黄渭运道是西汉立国命脉，关东漕粮西运长安，除了三门之险，还有渭水梗阻，都严重制约着漕运规模。武帝年间，弃渭道而开长安至潼关间漕渠，极大提高了黄河来船过三门西入长安的效率；桑弘羊贵粟重漕，激发州县和民间漕运潜能，实现岁运600万石梦想。

东汉建都洛阳，主要靠黄河和汴河漕运黄淮流域。两汉之交河崩汴坏，漕运东方的运道命悬一线。明帝永平年间，王景、王吴奉命治河，“修渠筑堤，自荥阳东至千乘海口千余里。景乃商度地势，凿山阜，破砥绩，直截沟涧，防遏冲要，疏决壅积，十里立一水门，令更相洄注，无复溃漏之患。景虽简省役费，然犹以百亿计”。5628427二王治河通漕，导引黄河下游从千乘入海，新道选择极具战略眼光，且大筑高筑两岸大堤，从而保证此后黄河千年不再改道，保证汴渠漕运畅通两百年无大反复。这是明君贤臣风云际会、相得益彰的完美治河行动，体现了封建社会前期治水通运的筑梦伟力。

（四）三国再寻运河强国梦，六朝坚挺水战远航海外

三国虽然彼此割据对峙，但魏吴两国独立开凿运河，为统一战争提供水运支持，作为颇大。曹魏为统一北方、巩固边防，先后兴修多条运河，在淇水入河处，用大木筑堰遏淇水会菀水入白沟，并在菀水与淇水交会处、淇水与宿胥故渎相接处修建石堰，构成白沟运河体系，有力地支援了灭袁战事。其后北征乌桓，“患军粮难致，凿平虏、泉州二渠入海通运”5628428。平虏渠自滹沱入泒水，泉州渠从泃河入潞河，由潞河出渤海转进前线，所成功业超越秦始皇跨渤海运北河。于戎马倥偬之际，连兴高难度运河开凿工程，反映曹魏集团水运强国意志之坚。统一和巩固了北方之后，曹魏后期又在淮河流域接近东吴地区先后开凿睢阳渠、贾侯渠、讨虏渠、广漕渠，漕运兼屯田，积粮并运兵，逐渐对东吴形成威慑和进取之势。

东吴以秣陵为中心构设运道。建都秣陵后，于外围开破岗渎，以改善江浙漕船抵京行船条件。赤乌八年（245）八月“遣校尉陈勋将屯田及作士三万人凿句容中道，自小其至云阳西城，通会巿，作邸阁”5628429。小其位于句容境秦淮河上源，从此开河至云阳西城接江南运河，总长50里。因中段凿开宁镇山脉，又名破岗渎。破岗渎靠十四埭分段拦蓄水位，船舶过埭要用人牛拉过。尽管如此，此河沟通秦淮河和江南运河，加强了秣陵与太湖、钱塘江水系的联系。还先后在秣陵城外开凿、疏通运渎、潮沟。原来漕粮卸船秦淮河，至京师仓城有十来里车盘转般，“赤乌三年，使御史郗俭凿城西南自秦淮北抵仓城，名运渎”。5628430凿成后，漕粮可直达仓城。“潮沟，吴大帝所开。以引江潮接青溪抵秦淮，西通运渎，北连后湖。”5628431开成后，四周河湖相通并与京城内河相连。东吴不仅光大了春秋吴越两国的水运传统，而且北至辽东、南至台湾，都有相当活跃的航海活动。

北朝多为游牧民族入主中原，治水通运较曹魏大为倒退。南朝治水通运不能出东吴窠臼，且整体水平有所倒退，但发扬战国吴越长于水战传统，继承东吴重视水战和关注海外衣钵，延续了东吴水战和航海辉煌。

水战的基础是战舰制造和运道开拓，从一定意义上可以说水战是水运极端化表现。楚昭王十二年（前505）,“吴大子终累败楚舟师。舟师水战，获潘子臣、小惟子及大夫七人”。5628432其时吴楚水战参战战船不过数百艘，水军不过数千。六朝水战较之规模要大得多，孙刘联军与曹军赤壁之战，仅刘表降曹水军就多达8万，孙刘联军水军不下3万，参战战舰仅刘表降曹战船就“以千数”，孙刘联军战舰不会少于千艘。萧梁末期平定侯景作乱，陈霸先、王僧辩各率水军数万、战船数千，叛军数量与之相当，可谓规模空前。

南朝航海较东吴有长足进展。东晋高僧法显从海路赴印度、斯里兰卡，著《佛国记》记印度洋航线，反映当时对海洋季风规律的认识和利用。刘宋时期，与印度支那半岛的林邑、扶南常有使节来往、方物交换，与南亚、西亚和波斯湾的师子国、安息、大秦、天竺等有商使来往。萧齐、萧梁二朝，延续刘宋海外贸易“舟舶继路”“商使往返”局面，使古代中国的海外贡物交换和民间贸易进入经常化时代。

（五）隋唐初圆大一统、可持续漕运水运梦想

隋代首创以洛阳为中心、长安为终点，北至涿郡、南达杭州，纵贯南北、横通东西的运河水运体系，唐代强化、完善这一体系，将其水运漕运潜能发挥到极致。而且接黄河于中游河岸坚实之处，黄河与淮扬运河之间有通济渠做缓冲，黄河与洛阳之间衔接以洛水，黄河与永济渠之间衔接以沁水，洛水、沁水皆黄河支流，不受黄河倒灌。隋炀帝开通济渠、永济渠，主要动因固然出于个人出巡甚至游玩方便，但也绝非没有一点开运河助军国的考虑。隋代大运河之开，客观上反映中华民族征服江河、实现水运自由的执着。

唐代在继承隋人河运体系的同时，既坚持以长安为起点的丝绸之路，维持和扩大陆地与中亚、西亚、南亚甚至欧洲的贸易，又以广州、泉州等地为口岸广开与东北亚、南洋和西洋海上贸易，其开放心态和气度超越秦汉甚多。内河水运可持续、外部海陆贸易无远不至，创造古代中国治水通运又一巅峰。

（六）宋人追求无险漕运、谋利海运，器局虽小但效率颇高

北宋建都汴梁，主要在黄河下游入海通道的东南一侧展开漕运，对黄河依赖较隋唐大大降低。京城南有惠民河、蔡河沟通陈、颍，西有黄河漕运关中，东北有五丈河沟通齐鲁，东南有汴河沟通江淮，“漕引江、湖，利尽南海，半天下之财赋，并山泽之百货，悉由此路而进”。5628433上述漕运水网不须逆行三门之险，每年漕运军粮达六七百万石，深得水运便利。南宋都城临安地在江南水网密集之处，东可自由出入大海，西、南有水道交通闽、赣、粤、桂，北有江南运河连接长江，无须治水通运巨额投入即可安享水运之利。两宋内河水运皆可持续，但受国土狭小局限，缺乏汉唐辐射四方气度。

与陆地无心开疆拓土相一致，宋人也无扬威海外雄心，其航海和外贸相当务实，唯利是图特色明显。两宋先后开放广州、泉州、杭州、密州、福州、温州等口岸，对海外番商和本土出海商船抽分、禁榷，从中获得巨额利益，用以支持国内财政开销，此外并无高远追求。

（七）元人首创漕粮海运为主、河运为辅崭新格局，漕粮海运规模巨大，河运体系可以持续，既广纳四海蕃船来华贸易，又组织船队出海经商，把古代中国治水通运推向最高境界

元朝统治者是马背上的民族，对水运原本陌生；又定都北京，漕运东南路途之远超越前朝，开拓漕运无法循规蹈矩。起初也想沿袭唐宋旧制，但初试河运举步维艰，转而重用归顺海盗以行海运，经数番摸索新道、多方改进，海运效率大增，“当舟行风信有时，自浙西至京师，不过旬日而已”5628434，年运量也由最初的数万石猛增至300万石。

元代统治者高明之处在于破天荒地寻梦、圆梦于漕粮海运，也破天荒地寻梦、圆梦于开济州河、会通河，更高明之处还在既大行海运，又坚持河运，而且坚持在淮安盘坝入黄淮，尊重中国江河水情和水运规律，可持续地构建水运框架。

二 中国治水通运史前后两期的形近质异

专门史研究者还不曾关注明清河运体制与先明河运体制的本质差异，不曾审视先明运道在黄河中游接入黄河与明清运道在下游接入黄河的本质不同，不曾关注元代河运在淮安翻坝入黄淮与永乐十三年以后漕船过闸直入黄淮对河运可持续与否的巨大影响，这是以往运河、漕运、治河研究的局限。本书有幸撰写于中国梦和可持续理论提出之后，得以在研究视角上后来居上，在研究结论上有所进步。

（一）前后两期接入黄河形近而质异，失之毫厘而差之千里

先明河运在黄河中游洛阳、郑州之间土岸坚实之处通过支流或汴渠接入黄河，有用河之利而无坏运之害，体现古人尊重中国江河水情的明智。两汉建都黄河流域的长安、洛阳，主要靠黄河、鸿沟水系（东汉主要是汴河）漕运东方。长安以渭水衔接黄河，洛阳以洛水衔接黄河，渭、洛皆支流，黄河对其不能倒灌。隋唐以洛阳为中心、长安为终点漕运。南、北运河通过汴渠、沁水接入黄河，沁水水位高于黄河；汴渠虽以黄河为水源，但过水泥沙由渠身吸附，故而具有可持续性。

北宋建都汴梁，漕运较汉唐为简易。汴梁南有惠民河、蔡河沟通陈、颍，西有黄河漕运关中，东北有五丈河沟通齐鲁，东南有汴渠沟通江淮，其中汴渠独运江淮漕粮500万石，深得水运之利。汴渠引黄水浮舟，开口于中游河道稳定、土质坚实之处。尽管这些与隋唐并无不同，但随着河水行汴时间加长，吸收泥沙能力降低，宋人通过汴渠持续漕运，较汉唐难度加大。

首先，河口控制有难度。“汴水每年口地，有拟开、次拟开、拟备开之名，凡四五处。虽旧河口势别无变移，而壕塞等人亦必广为计度，盖岁调夫，动及四五万。”5628435经常开了堵、堵了再开。其次，汴河治沙通运耗费巨大。大中祥符八年（1015）浚部分水段，用工即86万之多。“于沿河作头踏道擗岸，其浅处为锯牙，以束水势，使其浚成河道。”5628436锯牙、木岸之设开销非小。

尽管如此，仍可通过不断治理汴渠消除运道接入黄河的不可持续因素。况且，宋人后来还实施过清汴工程，引洛水入汴代替黄河水源，更具有可持续意义。如果不是后来因为洛水不足以支撑汴渠行船而放弃清汴工程，而是广建闸座、多设水柜、严格管理，或者小造漕船，则清汴工程可长期坚持。

元朝定都北京，开创海运为主、河运为辅的漕运格局。其河运虽不高效，但江南漕船在淮安翻坝入黄淮，尊重水情许可。洪武年间对北方坚持河、海并运，直到永乐十三年以前，河运延续元人盘坝入黄淮做法，具有可持续性。

河运体系质变，发生在永乐年间。永乐君臣过分追求平安漕运和高效河运，运道在淮安接入黄淮而又去坝用闸、过闸直航，改盘坝入黄淮为过闸直入。陈瑄在淮安开清江浦河，“自淮安城西管家湖，凿渠二十里，为清江浦，导湖水入淮，筑四闸以时宣泄”。5628437其后漕船过四闸直入淮河北上，在黄、淮、运水文条件下尚可维持。因为当时黄淮河床尚低，黄河干流在洪泽湖以西数百里夺颍、夺涡入淮，会通河虽有黄河支流济运但流量有限，河沙一时不会来到清口。

但是，从长远看，永乐君臣奠定的河运体系不可持续，因为它没有把黄河入淮的变化趋势考虑进去，一旦黄河干流在清口直接入淮，日益抬高的河床会给洪泽湖和淮扬运河带来无穷倒灌之灾。这背弃了先明运道有条件、可控制地接入黄河的传统。清代统治者也是马背上的民族，但却没有元人那么喜欢海洋和善于利用海洋，而是毫不犹豫地继承明人的漕粮河运。明清两代坚持黄、淮、运在清口交会的河运体制，在黄河害运、河运难以维持情况下，都固守永乐河漕体制，不思恢复先明传统，更不力行海运，陷入与黄河苦斗泥潭不能自拔，真是一大悲剧。

（二）明清黄河含沙量越来越大，决多害大，河工难度急增

明清河漕的自然基础，是黄河含沙量越来越大，频繁决口又使两岸地质日益沙化，治理黄河、畅通漕运难度日大，蓄清敌黄、保持三河水势平衡日益艰难。

嘉靖年间，黄绾《治河理漕杂议》有言：“三代行井田之制。井田之间必有沟洫，沟洫之水必引源泉以足之，故泾、渭……汾、渖皆分于雍、豫、梁、冀平野沟洫之间，则水之入河者少，水小则河势自弱。故黄河冲决之患不在三代之前。自商鞅开阡陌，李悝尽地力，井田既废，则沟洫俱废。故泾、渭、伊、洛诸水皆归于河，水之入河者众，水众则河势自盛。故黄河冲决之患，特甚于秦汉之后。”5628438东周以来井田遭到破坏，水土保持渐不如初，黄河含沙量越来越大，至汉初即有黄河之名。其后东汉末年社会动荡，西晋五胡乱华，唐代安史之乱，金灭北宋，元蒙灭金，黄河流域都是战乱重灾区，黄河得不到有效治理。另外，汉唐都关中，西、北开边战事连连得手，不少游牧民族归附，农耕区扩张游牧区收缩，森林草原破坏严重，也促使黄河含沙量与日俱增。

故而北宋以前黄河由渤海入海而少决，南宋以后河渐南徙而多决。明代中期，黄河干流自开封取道徐州、淮安一线，夺淮河下游入海。至万历初，“以今日之时言之，河自孟津而下，经中州平坦之地迤逦而东，泄于徐、沛之间，大河南北悉皆故道，土杂泥沙，善崩易决”。5628439不仅河身高出地面很多，而且多次决口和改道，两岸黄泛区沙化日重。决口之后并不能马上堵塞，决水所及遍地皆沙，浅者数尺深者丈余；而决水一旦夺溜，便成为正河。河道如此滚来滚去，大河下游南北悉皆故道、所在皆沙，筑堤束水困难重重。

永乐十三年（1415）决策放弃海运、专事河运时，会通河就切过多条黄河故道；嘉靖前期黄河全流在清口入淮后，开封、徐州、淮安一线黄河两岸土壤早就沙化并且与日增重。隆庆四年（1570），潘季驯开复邳河，筑堤欲取红土，或掘沙丈余，或从远山输送。靳辅治河筑堤严格行夯，堤身必坚实而后止，别的河工无人如此严控质量，河堤多用浮沙虚筑，故而明清黄河易决多决大决，与汉唐运道接黄河中游、河行北方时条件迥然不同。

（三）封建社会吏治腐败积重难返，使明清河运更加不可持续

明清河运的社会基础，是封建官场贪墨积重难返，具体表现为清官循吏越来越少、贪官污吏越来越多，大官大贪，小吏小贪，无官不贪。同时，偷工减料，大发河害国难财，河工质量越来越差，黄河害运无有止境、愈演愈烈。

古代中国吏治大坏于元朝。元朝政治诸制，如斡耳朵宫帐制、投下分封制、怯薛制度、诸色户籍制度、断事官制度，本质是蒙古人、色目人任意宰割天下，一方面他们很少有清廉行政意识，另一方面对属吏很少施以遵纪守法约束。元末“自秦王伯颜专政，台宪官皆谐价而得，往往至数千缗；及其分巡，竞以事势相渔猎而偿其直，如唐债帅之比。于是有司承风，上下贿赂公行如市，荡然无复纪纲矣。肃政廉访司官所至州县，各带库子检钞秤银，殆同市道矣”5628440。足见元代吏德低劣，官场暗无天日。

在漕运领域，朱清、张瑄居功自肆，“父子致位宰相，弟姪甥婿皆大官，田园宅馆遍天下，库藏仓庾相望，巨艘大舶帆交蕃夷中，与骑塞隘门巷，故与敬德等夷皆佩于菟金符为万户千户，累爵积赀，气意自得”。5628441张瑄之子张慰，“官参政，富过封君，珠宝番赁，以巨万计。每岁海运诈称没于风波，私自转入外番货卖，势倾朝野。江淮之间，田土屋宅，鬻者必售于二家，他人不敢得也”。5628442足见海运领域吏治之黑。

明太祖对元末吏治黑暗深恶痛绝，开国后惩贪反腐至于剥皮囊草。加上以水军从事海运，以粮长主办漕运，一定程度上阻断了元末贪墨向明初的浸染。故而明代前期治河和漕运相当清廉，基本与黄河夺涡入淮、不直接在清口入淮相同步。后代子孙缺少惩贪反腐自觉和意志，宪宗、武宗在位期间紊乱朝纲、放任贪墨，尤其嘉靖、万历二帝昏庸，天启君臣败坏朝纲之后，明末吏治贪风日盛一日。

清朝靠大量收用明官得以一统天下，未能对明末河漕贪墨做隔断性处置，康乾盛世靠皇帝洞察秋毫和铁腕惩贪遏制河漕职务犯罪，仅能维持治河通漕起码的吏治清廉。乾隆末年和珅招贿乱政、大坏吏治。嘉庆初虽赐死和珅，却未能清除和氏余党，以致后来吏治贪腐变本加厉，迅速蔓延，万劫不复，构成明清河漕不可持续的社会原因。

三 明清河运在不可持续中追求持续

明清河运较汉唐有三处重大改变：其一在淮安接入黄河，这里河窄岸虚、多决易崩；其二为缩短运程，开会通河穿行鲁西多黄河故道之地，上游决水极易冲断运道；其三南北运河之间，借黄行运数百里。明清较元代河运重大改变在于，为追求直航在清口弃坝用闸，使黄、淮、运三河在清口交会，从而形成明清河运不可持续的险恶水情，成为明清两代志士仁人持续河运所要攻克的主要难题。

（一）黄、淮、运三河在清口交会，是明清河运不可持续的主要原因

永乐十三年（1415），陈瑄鉴于“江南漕舟抵淮安，率陆运过坝，逾淮达清河，劳费其巨”5628443。开通清江浦河，筑四闸以送江南漕船入淮河。不过图一时的行船便利、成本降低，忽略了原来盘坝入淮的合理性，而且没有做将来黄河干流在清口入淮并且外河河床日益抬高、倒灌运河和洪泽湖的应对预案。其时黄河干流在淮河中游夺颍入淮，次年黄河夺涡入淮，一时不会危及清口。而且，一河独运即可年运四五百万石，满足京城和北方需要。明人梦寐以求的平安漕运、高效漕运梦圆功成，且基本维持河安漕通长达数十年。

明初淮扬运河水位高于淮河，“嘉靖以前，水由里河出清口而入外河，形势内高，故建新旧清江等闸，蓄高、宝诸湖清水济运”。5628444然黄河多决善崩、改道频繁，于永乐十四年黄河夺涡百多年后，嘉靖前期黄河干流东趋徐州在淮安入淮，外河河床迅速抬高，渐有倒灌里河和洪湖之害。隆庆、万历之交，“里河一带，渐致积淤。年勤捞浚，方能疏利”。5628445当时洪泽湖水位也低，至万历五年“向来湖水不踰五尺，堤仅七尺，今堤加至一丈二尺，而水更过之”5628446。黄河倒灌运河和洪泽湖之害日重。

嘉靖前期黄河干流在清口入淮几十年后，万历四年河崩漕坏，“河决崔镇，黄水北流，清河口淤淀，全淮南徙，高堰湖堤大坏，淮、扬、高邮、宝应间皆为巨浸”。5628447明人深陷与黄河苦斗泥潭。

明廷任命潘季驯治河，“筑堰起武家墩经大小涧至阜宁湖，以捍淮东侵；筑堤起清江浦沿钵池山柳浦湾迤东，以制河南溢；虑河内冲闸而蚀漕也，严五闸启闭，独以待漕艘，六月运尽筑坝，官民船只由坝车盘，沙无内灌；自徐抵淮亘六百余里，筑南北两堤蜿蜒相望。于是淮毕趋清口，会大河入于海，海口不浚而通”。5628448取得了河治漕通成就。并将上述实践进行理论概括，高筑黄河大堤，迫使黄淮并流一向通过清口会淮入海，叫以堤束水、以水刷沙；加高加固高家堰，抬高洪泽湖水位与清口外的黄河水势抗衡，叫蓄清敌黄，这是潘季驯找到的河运持续之路。

但是，明人蓄清敌黄有淹没洪湖彼岸的明祖陵的顾虑。潘季驯蓄清敌黄十多年，祖陵开始受水。万历二十四年（1596）改由杨一魁行“分黄导淮”，暂时取得“泗陵水患平，而淮、扬安”5628449的效果。杨一魁分黄，甚至坚持不塞黄河黄堌口之决，反而加快河床、湖底抬高，万历三十年“帝以一魁不塞黄堌口，致冲祖陵，斥为民”5628450。此后，明人在蓄清敌黄和分黄导淮之间左右摇摆，治河效率越来越低。

清初治河通漕不得要领。杨方兴、朱之锡任总河期间，基本延续着明末蓄清敌黄和分黄导淮左右摇摆状态，后来经过长期摸索，总结河崩漕坏教训，特别是康熙十五年爆发的空前河决，清口上下运道水利瘫痪，统治者才幡然悔悟，认识到持续河运必须回归潘季驯蓄清敌黄、以堤束水、以水刷沙之路。于是靳辅被清圣祖推到总河岗位，潘季驯治河通漕思想重新付诸实践。

其时清圣祖从平定三藩要务中解脱出来，明君贤臣风云际会。康熙十六年（1677）靳辅力行以堤束水、以水刷沙和蓄清敌黄方略，以调整清口一带水利要素提挈治河通漕全局，迁运口于湖水势力范围之内，开中河以压缩借黄行运水程仅剩数里；放手淹没泗州城，无限制地加高洪泽湖大堤，强化蓄清敌黄效果；大筑特筑黄河堤防，迫使黄河并流一向过清口会淮入海。但运、淮、黄三河仍在清口交会，日后治河通漕费用与日俱增，成为社会不堪之负。

（二）会通河相交鲁西多条黄河故道，且有两处引黄济运

为缩短运程，永乐年间宋礼所开会通河穿过鲁西多条黄河故道，而且还有两处人为引黄济运，以解会通河水源不足之困，可见明人没有认识到黄河害运的潜在威胁。后代子孙为此吃尽苦头才认识到必须结束引黄济运，花大力气改造鲁南运河使之远离黄河。

永乐九年（1411）宋礼等人重开会通河时，不仅没虑及元末河决白茅、金堤，“水势北侵安山，沿入会通、运河，延袤济南、河间”5628451悲剧重演会有何等危害，而且有意安排两处引黄济运。一为中段张秋、沙湾一带，嘉靖《山东通志》卷6兖州府山川“会通河”条言之甚明：“国朝永乐九年，工部尚书宋礼建议疏凿。惟开河南至沙湾，北徙二十余里，余皆循故道。自济宁则引汶泗洸及徂徕诸山水注之，至沙湾则引黄河支流自金龙口者合之，总名会通河。”5628452二为鱼台塌场口，永乐“九年七月，河复故道，自封丘金龙口，下鱼台塌场，会汶水，经徐、吕二洪南入于淮。是时，会通河已开，黄河与之合，漕道大通”5628453。这种状况一起延续至明代后期，万历《兖州府志》卷19曹州“双河口”条下载：“黄河自曹县入境，至州城东折而北流，分为二支。其一支入雷泽，其一支入于郓城，谓之双河口。黄陵冈既塞，涸枯不常，双河口水又东南流为牛头河，经嘉祥、济宁至鱼台塌场口入漕。”5628454引黄济运，无异饮鸩止渴。

正统十三年至万历三十二年，绝大多数河决都害及会通河。正统十三年（1448）“秋，新乡八柳树口亦决，漫曹、濮，抵东昌，冲张秋，溃寿张沙湾，坏运道，东入海”。5628455其后的46年间，相近河决多次，都堵而复决、决而复堵，会通河北段备受其害。直至弘治七年刘大夏筑堤引沙湾黄河支流南下徐州，结束张秋、沙湾引黄济运。此后，黄河害运又集中在会通河南段。嘉靖五年（1526）,“黄河上流骤溢，东北至沛县庙道口，截运河，注鸡鸣台口，入昭阳湖。汶、泗南下之水从而东，而河之出飞云桥者漫而北，淤数十里”5628456，直接瘫痪了运道。当时会通河南段在昭阳湖西，这一带地势低下。按《山东通志》，嘉靖六年、七年、八年、九年、十三年、三十六年、三十八年、四十四年、四十五年，万历二十一年，黄河决水主流或支流都曾直接冲向昭阳湖，瘫痪漕运。明人经过漫长争论和不断试开，最终于万历三十二年开成泇河，避黄行漕于昭阳湖东，黄河危害会通河才有缓解。

清人不曾在会通河引黄济运，但黄河袭扰会通河张秋、沙湾段在顺治、康熙末年和嘉庆年间形成三次高潮，危害之大不亚于明代。顺治七年河决荆隆口冲断张秋运道，顺治九年黄河决水再次冲断。康熙六十年八月河决武陟，大溜北趋至张秋，由五空桥入盐河归海；六十一年复决武陟马营口，冲张秋注大清河。嘉庆八年九月河决封丘衡家楼，嘉庆二十四年九月河决马营坝，先后冲向张秋入海。说明河行徐州、淮安一线入淮既久，河床过高，黄河下游渐欲改道。

（三）运河接入黄河与隋唐相比有本质差异

隋唐北方运河通过沁水接入黄河，南方运河过通济渠接入黄河。通济渠虽以黄河为水源浮送漕船，但其河阴入河处岸基坚实，漫长河身吸附、消化过水泥沙；北岸沁水是黄河支流，水位高于黄河，黄水对沁水形不成倒灌，具有可持续性。而明清运河在下游直接接入黄河，这里土质沙化、堤防薄弱、多决善崩，黄、淮、运三河在清口交会，清口以北借黄行运数百里。维持三河水势平衡、确保河安漕通势比登天。

嘉靖前期黄河干流在清口直接入淮，几十年后问题积重难返。首先是借黄行运险象环生。嘉靖末隆庆初徐州至邳州间运道多次蒙受黄河决口困扰，决水瘫痪运道、冲入昭阳湖，为害甚广。嘉靖“四十四年秋七月，河尽北徙，决沛之飞云桥，横截逆流，东行踰漕，入昭阳湖，泛滥而东。平地水丈余，散漫徐促，沙河至二洪浩渺无际，而河变极矣”5628457。隆庆三年七月“河决沛县，自考城、虞城、曹、单、丰、沛抵徐，俱罹其害。漂没田庐不可胜数，漕舟二千余皆阻邳州不得进”5628458。其次是清口蓄清敌黄机制崩溃，“河水溢自清河抵淮安城西，淤者三十余里，决方、信二坝出海，平地水深丈余。宝应湖堤崩坏”。5628459当局开河下泄洪水，治标而不及本。隆庆四年秋，河又决睢宁，“自曹家口至祁之直河九十里，胥为平陆。淤运艘九百三十只，粮四十余万石，官民船又数百”。5628460万历五年（1577），更是河决崔镇，河崩漕坏，空前大灾。

明人面临河崩漕坏，既不力行海运，也不恢复汉唐在中游接入黄河，而是选择继续河运。

一方面大修河道，高筑河堤，部分河段推行遥、缕二堤双重束水制。潘季驯隆庆五年修复邳河，全力治本，发丁夫五万开匙头湾，塞决口11个，筑缕堤3万丈，挑浚淤塞运道80里，有效收拾了乱局。其后继续大筑河堤，隆庆六年正月准行工部尚书朱衡建议，“修筑徐州至宿迁长堤凡三百七十里，并缮治丰、沛大黄堤”。二月又准行直隶总督建议，“地势最下者如徐州青田浅，吕梁达曲头集六十里，直河至宿迁小河口七十里，皆宜修筑大堤，工最急。自小河口至桃源清河一百四十里，宜筑缕水堤，清河草湾决口宜塞，工次之。徐州至茶城四十里，宜接补小堤，茶城而上接曹县界”。5628461万历六年潘季驯出面治河，筑堤浚河，大治河崩漕坏乱局。如果继续河运方针不错，这些工程十分必要。内而缕堤，外而遥堤，汛期洪水冲出缕堤，至遥堤而成强弩之末，不能破遥堤为害堤外。此制为后期明人渐行之，清人大行力行之。

另一方面，不断新开运河，压缩借黄行运水程。万历三十二年（1604），总河李化龙启动开泇工程。至三十三年三月“开过泇河二百六十里，行运二年计船一万六千以上”5628462。继李化龙为总河的曹时聘继续推动开泇后续工程以毕全功。万历三十四年又挑河自朱旺、坚城集达小浮桥，长百七十里，规范了昭阳湖东的黄河水道。上述工程，使漕船过清口至邳州入泇北上，不再绕行邳州以西黄河。

清人靳辅继续这一思路治河通漕。其超越明人之处在于，放手淹没泗州城和明祖陵以蓄清敌黄，在此基础上继续压缩借黄行运距离。他改挑皂河后，鉴于自清口达张庄运口，借黄行运尚200多里，重运漕船北上险象环生，慢者经行耗时两月，于是上接张庄运口，下历桃、清、山、安四县入安东之平旺河，开成中河约长270里，使江南漕船一出清口，即横截黄河由仲家庄进中河入皂河接泇河，压缩借黄行运水程仅剩7里。

（四）明清两朝勉力维持河运，对抗自然，整体上看得不偿失

黄河与运河的不兼容，黄河对运河和洪泽湖的填埋淤塞之害，中外有识之士有略同之见：

黄河者，运河之贼也。用之一里则有一里之害，避之一里则有一里之利。5628463（李化龙《议开泇河疏》）

大运河的危险地段就在黄河流域。它很快就要在这里消失。它的河床很容易被泥沙填满。沟渠会被折断，航路会被阻断。整个大运河会因此而被彻底抛弃。5628464（D.盖达《运河帝国》）

明清固守河运、拒绝海运，无视黄河多沙善淤水情，倔强地要在黄、淮、运在清口交会的情况下持续漕运，以人力对抗自然规律，靠烦难河工勉强维持三河在清口的水势平衡，尽管以治理清口一带水利设施提挈治河通漕之纲领，力所能及地把当时人们所能认识到的水利科学、所能采用的治河通漕技术发挥到淋漓尽致、无以复加的程度，并且连续不断地取得一些惊人突破，得以延续河运到实在不能再延续的地步，其抗争精神可歌可泣，但是付出的代价是灾难性的，沉重而痛苦。假如最高统治者在河崩漕坏之际，适时恢复海运，或让运道在中游接入黄河，或发展近畿和北方农业生产以减少对河运漕粮的依赖，那才是治水通漕应寻之梦、该圆之梦。

明人治河费用尚低，重大河工不过几十万两。万历六年潘季驯治河“筑高家堰堤六十余里，归仁集堤四十余里，柳浦湾堤东西七十余里，塞崔镇等决口百三十，筑徐、睢、邳、宿、桃、清两岸遥堤五万六千余丈，砀、丰大坝各一道，徐、沛、丰、砀缕堤百四十余里，建崔镇、徐昇、季泰、三义减水石坝四座，迁通济闸于甘罗城南，淮、扬间堤坝无不修筑”，如此众多项目总共才“费帑金五十六万有奇”5628465。康熙十六至二十七年靳辅治河11年，“计前后各工共估银三百三十三万余两者，实该用银三百零三万余两，今臣工完核算实止用银二百七十六万余两”。5628466治河通漕成本尚低。

后来治河费用一路疯长。乾隆“四十四年，仪封决河之塞，拨银五百六十万两。四十七年，兰阳决河之塞，自例需工料外，加价至九百四十五万三千两。……大率兴一次大工，多者千余万，少亦数百万。嘉庆中，如衡工加价至七百三十万两。十年至十五年，南河年例岁修抢修及另案专案各工，共用银四千有九十九万两，而马家港大工不与。二十年睢工之成，加价至三百余万两。道光中，东河、南河于年例岁修外，另案工程，东河率拨一百五十余万两，南河率拨二百七十余万两。逾十年则四千余万。（道光）六年，拨南河王营开坝及堰、盱大堤银，合为五百一十七万两。二十一年，东河祥工拨银五百五十万两。二十二年，南河扬工拨六百万两。二十三年，东河牟工拨五百十八万两，后又有加”5628467。其中固然有黄河河床越来越高、黄河决口越来越难堵的因素，但更主要的原因则是官吏层层贪污中饱。

包世臣《郭君传》披露嘉庆年间贪官污吏所做河工，拨款的五分之四到八分之七为官吏贪污。郭大昌所做河工费省工好，乾隆后期老坝工决口，总河愿拿出50万两让郭大昌用50天工期全权办工，郭大昌仅用10万两、20天即完工；嘉庆初河决丰工，预算堵塞用帑120万两，南河总督怕郭大昌嫌多，砍去一半交郭大昌兴工，“君曰：‘再半之足矣。’河督有难色。君曰：‘以十五万办工，十五万与众员工共之，尚以为少乎？’河督怫然。”5628468河督有难色，继而大怒，是因为郭大昌用钱越少，暴露河工贪污比例越大。

其实，明清很多有识之士都曾建议开沁通卫，恢复唐宋于洛、郑之间切过黄河的可持续状态。景泰四年（1453），江良材欲通河于卫，经河南境过河北运，“今导河注卫，冬春水平，漕舟至河阴，顺流达卫。夏秋水迅，仍从徐、沛达临清，以北抵京师”。5628469清顺治十七年（1660），部司姜天枢也曾提及“昔佥事江良材欲导河注卫，增一运道”5628470之事，但统治集团因循守旧，无意回归可持续状态。

四 古代中国治水通漕缺憾

（一）封建社会末期统治阶级因循守旧，故步自封

中华民族素来向往大海。北京山顶洞人、山东大汶口人、浙江河姆渡人，都傍河面海而居。按《史记》，黄帝曾东至于海，大禹曾于碣石入海，秦始皇曾“并勃海以东，过黄、腄，穷成山，登之罘，立石颂秦德焉而去”5628471。经行今山东滨海的黄县、牟平、文登，绕成山角至青岛。

中华民族素有航海实践。大禹时代扬州贡运路线沿“江海通淮泗”，即顺江出海北上入淮，逆行淮泗进入黄河，运送贡物至黄河之滨的夏都。按《诗经·商颂》，商的祖先夏朝后期就发展到渤海沿岸，并靠武力使岛夷宾服；近代殷墟考古表明，商朝开国后曾从海上获取海贝、龟甲。按《史记》所载汉人追述，秦始皇曾通过渤海运粮饷至北河。按杜甫诗歌记述，盛唐曾从吴越海运丝绸、稻米至幽燕，元代一直坚持漕粮海运大都，而且始终保持远洋航海对外贸易。

明代永乐年间郑和七下西洋，创当时世界多项航海之最。数万人、上百只巨船组成第二次世界大战前世界上存在过的最大规模的船队，数度往返于中国与阿拉伯世界、非洲东海岸之间，满载而往，平安而归。且此前还有每年海运北平和辽东粮食数十万石的近海漕运实践。但是永乐十三年一旦京杭运河年可一河独运三四百万石，成祖即下诏停止海运、专事河运，此后又宣布禁海。这是何等自甘懦弱，以致后代子孙在河崩漕坏时想海运因手段和经验断档而却步，或浅尝辄止，只配固守河运。隆庆、万历之交，“王宗沐督漕，请行海运。诏令运十二万石自淮入海”。因在“即墨福山岛坏粮运七艘，漂米数千石，溺军丁十五人”，受到“给事、御史交章论其失”，被最高统治者“罢不复行”5628472。表面上看，似乎统治者非常在乎人丁、漕粮损失，但是漕粮河运也会人死粮失，因坚持河运扭曲河性导致的黄河决口淹死人口动辄以万、十万、百万数，因河灾粮食减产甚至绝收动辄以百万石、千万石数，治河通漕大工银两投入动辄以万两、十万两、百万两数，统治者对此心知肚明，他们何尝在意？况且，王宗沐试海运所损，较之元人重用归顺海盗初试海运时人粮损失为小。王宗沐没有魄力寻找海盗参与试运已经不如元人，明廷因小有损失就停止试行海运更是神经衰弱，进取精神严重退化。

清人是有现成的海运资源和经验而不愿漕粮海运。清代在康熙年间即海运沿海之粮接济辽东和漠北，整个康乾盛世官方坚持着在沿海海运粮食赈灾或平抑粮价；江浙民间则长期有沙船至辽东运豆返销江南，养成雄厚海运实力和技术经验。如此海运基础，不仅康乾盛世遇到河崩漕坏时，没人决策力行海运，而且河运到了山穷水尽地步时，道光六年琦善、陶澍等封疆大吏把江苏漕粮180万石海运到天津，如此完美的海运行动丝毫没让清宣宗欣喜若狂。当大臣上书道光七年再行海运时，清宣宗却以河运恢复有望，断然下诏停止海运、恢复河运，因循守旧到了利令智昏的地步。

（二）治河通运经验未能充分传承，治河技术断档

唐宋运河接黄河于中游河岸高实之处，而元明清不理解这样做的必要性，却硬要在下游淮安接入黄河；元人运道虽接入黄淮于淮安却坚持翻坝入黄淮，明清不理解这样做的必要性，非要漕船过四闸直入黄淮；元代漕粮海运为主、河运为辅，明清两朝不理解这样做的合理性、必要性，非要漕粮全部河运、拒绝海运。前代成功经验不为后代所遵循，后代反而反其道而行之，为追求所谓平安漕运、高效漕运，而陷入不可持续的误区，是古代中国治水通运的最大、最明显的遗憾。

此外，还有另外两大遗憾。

其一，前代最成功治河通漕经验没有被后代吃透精神、再创范例；后代反而对那些未曾付诸实施的大而空的治河议论大加推崇。两汉治河通漕成功无过于王景治河，其成功经验一是根据黄河改道规律，为它选择一条入海最通利的路线并用大堤把它稳定在那里，让它并流一向入海；二是认识黄河与运河的不相容，大筑其堤坚决地把汴渠同黄河分开，把运河所受黄河影响降至最低限度；三是采用十里立一水门，让黄水更相回注，以消解黄河汛期洪峰的技术。虽然也有几位学者在学术著作中盛赞王景治河功施千年，但身负治河重任的河道总督们很少有人潜心研究其成功精髓，更没有在新的水情条件下复制其成功。

北宋是黄河的多事之秋，改道频繁，决口更频繁，正宜发扬王景治河实事求是和勇于创新精神，文官们却乐于大谈经义治河，拿大禹治水和西汉贾让治河三策套北宋河情。如陈舜禹当横垅、商胡决而难堵、河复故道挽而不回之际，撰《说河》试图从经义演绎出治河结论，“孟子曰：禹之行水也，行于地中。智者行其所无事，所恶于智者为其凿也。孔子作，禹之法常存；孟氏出，禹之法益明。呜呼！不以禹之法而治者，皆拂其性也”。连他也觉得这样说太空洞，文末抱住西汉贾让治河上策佛脚，建议皇帝“则徙民宽闲，而纵其流，当世之善计也”5628473。这等于说不治就是治，决水流到哪里，就把哪里的老百姓迁走。实在迂腐之极。

明代中期多次面临河崩漕坏，既不能弃河从海，又不愿恢复隋唐运道在中游接入黄河，也离不开借黄行运500里水程，在这种情况下只有筑堤束黄过清口会淮入海。但当时河臣大多于该学王景治河之际却奉贾让治河三策为圭臬，以为河分则势弱，势弱则过清口不易倒灌运口和湖口。殊不知河分则流缓、流缓则沙停，会加快河床抬高，加速三河交会漕运机制的崩溃。

其二，具体河工、水利技术的失传也让人十分痛心。北宋的复闸技术，在水位落差较大的运河，相距十来丈或几十丈处建两座单闸，开上闸进船，闭上闸启下闸出船，可有效节省水源。但是历经元代百年，漕粮绝大多数海运，运河水利设施无人讲究，至明初复闸技术已经失传。宋礼、陈瑄在会通河所建数十闸、清江浦河所建四闸都是单闸，直到清末都没有改建复闸。请看典籍所载：

淮安西门外直至河口六十里，运渠高垫，舟行地面。昔日河岸，今为漕底，而闸水湍激，粮运一艘非七八百人不能牵挽过闸者。5628474（潘季驯《查复旧规疏》）

清江浦天妃闸以入黄河……重运出口牵挽者，每艘常七八百或至千人，鸣金合噪，穷日之力出口不过二三十艘，而浊流奔赴，直至高宝城下，河水俱黄。居民至澄汲以饮。5628475（靳辅《南运口》）

假如是复闸，漕船出运入黄时，不临黄河的闸面下板封闭，黄河水位再高也不能长流直灌，何以往外拖拉漕船如此费力？技术断代和失传让人扼腕而叹、触目惊心。清代文学作品有形象、动情的描写：

黄河怒流动地轴，十舟九舟愁翻覆。临矶作闸为通舟，水急还忧石相触。挽舟泝浪似升天，千夫力尽舟不前。巫师跳叫作神语，舟人胆落输金钱。5628476（施闰章《天妃闸歌在清河县为诸闸险峻之首》）

黄河如山挟沙走，清淮雪浪殷雷吼。白日风雨斗两龙，涛声五月清河口。小舟飘忽若凫鹜，大船嵬垒如山岳。若鸦衔尾车接轴，北人腾笑南人哭。突然一掷如破竹，粟米流脂膏鱼腹。……风狂雨骤向昏黑，欲上不上船头裂，欲退不退船尾折。千夫力尽指流血，一唱督护心断绝。5628477（吴以諴《观黄淮交汇粮艘竞渡感而有作》）

从清初到清中叶，漕船由淮扬运河出闸入河，纤夫牵挽之难如出一辙，可见天妃以单闸临黄河，且多数时间闸后无闸。陈瑄当年隔数里建一闸，过四闸入淮也没有很好地坚持。

总之，先秦以来古代中国人治水通运，不断寻梦筑梦，梦圆成真，且大体具有可持续性，至元朝河、海两运而登峰造极。中国古代治水通运文明，是当时中国经济和科技领先世界的一个缩影。明代郑和七下西洋，永乐年间实现平安、高效河运之后，放弃海运专事河运，表明封建统治者丧失进取精神，坠入背弃可持续传统，陷入在下游接入黄河、在三河交会情况下固守河运泥潭而不可自拔，是古代中国治水通运可持续到不可持续、遵循规律不断圆梦到因循守旧日渐衰败的转折点。明清两代尽管也在与黄河苦斗中把维持黄、淮、运三河水势平衡技术发挥到极致，有一定的筑梦不已的精神价值。但整体上看，其漕粮河运是盛极而衰、不可复振，很大程度地反映了封建社会没落的必然性，有助于解读鸦片战争战败的社会原因。

The so-called water control in this book refers to water conservancy projects and water conservancy projects related to canal excavation and transportation channel protection, mainly the treatment of the Yellow River; The so-called transportation refers to the water transportation related to the canal, mainly the transportation of grain. Since shipping is an extension of river transportation, water warfare is an extreme form of water transport, and shipbuilding is the cornerstone of water transport, this book not only studies water transportation in ancient China, but also studies the history of maritime transport, water warfare and shipbuilding progress in ancient China. Previous scholars have divided the history of ancient Chinese canals and water transport into four or three periods. Wang Huzhen's "The History of the Canal" published in 1935 divided the research objects into four periods from the perspective of engineering and technological progress: from the Spring and Autumn to the Sui Dynasty, no locks were used, only weirs; Tang and Song dynasties trial locks; Yuan, Ming to mid-Qing dynasty sluices for the whole river; The late Qing dynasty was the period of shipping and railways. Tan Qiqiang's 1955 book "The Changes of the Yellow River and the Canal" divided the research objects into three periods according to whether there was a central point and where the central point was: there was no central point in the pre-Sui dynasty; The Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties had a central point, but the central point was in the west; The center of the three dynasties of the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties was in the northeast. This book uses the theory of sustainable development to examine the history of river management and transportation in ancient China, and divides the research objects into two periods: the pre-Qin to Yuan dynasties were the period when ancient Chinese constantly pursued the dream of water transport and water transport was basically sustainable, and the Ming and Qing dynasties pursued a sustainable era in unsustainability. This division is much more reasonable than Wang Huzhen and Tan Qiqiang, and has a full historical basis. There is a buffer between the southern Sui and Tang Canal and the Yellow River, which connects to the Yellow River between Luoyang and Zhengzhou, where the soil is solid, the embankment is high, the mouth is easy to control, and the cement sand is adsorbed and digested by the Bianqu; The northern canal flows in and out of the Yellow River from its tributary, and the water level of the Yellow River is lower than that of the tributary, and it will not pour into the canal. In the Yuan Dynasty, the transportation was mainly by sea, and although the river transport cut through Huanghuai in Huai'an, the southern Caojian ship overturned the dam into Huanghuai, and Huanghuai would not pour the canal; At that time, the bed of the Yellow and Huai rivers was still lower than the canal, and river transportation was still sustainable. The Ming and Qing Dynasty Canal was passed through the lock in Huai'an and directly into Huanghuai, and ran hundreds of years after the Yellow River entered Huai, and the river gradually wanted to go east to the north, especially after the main stream of the Yellow River directly entered Huai'an in the early Jiajing period, and the three rivers of Huang, Huai and Yun met at Qingkou, exceeding the water conditions of China's rivers and exceeding the capacity of water conservancy technology. In addition, the corruption of officials and the accumulation of ink are difficult to return, the unsustainable drawbacks of river water are exposed, the aura of surpassing the previous generation of river water transportation is gradually dimmed, and the trouble of river management and water brought about by unsustainable qualitative change has overwhelmed society. In short, ancient Chinese water transport and water transport lasted for more than 2,000 years. Each dynasty transport has a quantity fluctuation and a stretch of range, but in essence, it presents two forms: the sustainable of the Ming Dynasty and the unsustainable of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This book only divides the history of ancient Chinese water transport into two stages, the Xian Ming and the Ming and Qing Dynasties, arguing that the former is constantly fulfilling the dream of water transport in ancient China and is intrinsically sustainable, while the latter is determined to pursue the continuation of river transport in unsustainable. I. The process of water control and transportation in the early stage, from the Qin Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, is a history of continuous pursuit of dreams and continuous achievement of dreams. People of all dynasties and generations of benevolent people have made singing and weeping achievements in understanding the water situation, grasping the law, conquering rivers, and opening up transportation routes, constantly pushing water transport naturally to freedom of water transportation. (1) Three generations conquered natural rivers and opened the initial journey of water transport, laying the foundation for the survival of the ancestors and the establishment of the Chinese state. Living is the first dream of mankind. The ancestors of China suffered a monstrous flood, "when Yaozhi, the water went retrograde and flooded China, snakes and dragons dwelled, and the people were undecided." 5628412 the harsh living environment at that time is still chilling. Floods and animals are rampant, and it is impossible to survive without water. Therefore, Dayu was ordered to take the lead in the people's battle and finally defeated the flood, fulfilling the dream of survival of the ancestors. Dayu water control is a move of the ancestors to build dreams. They "ordered the princes and the people to prosper the people to use Fu soil, the mountains and the trees, and the mountains and rivers." Xingzhong sent out service, published wood dredging, and transformed mountains and rivers. Among them, Dayu played a leading role in the treatment of water, and he "injured his ancestors, and his father was not cursed, but he was anxious about his work, lived outside for thirteen years, and did not dare to enter the house"5628413. From Sima Qian's revelation of the content of Yu's "Dao Jiu Shan" and "Dao Jiu Chuan", and referring to other relevant records of the classics, it can be seen that Dayu controlled water extensively, covering the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the upper and middle reaches of the Huai River, the middle and lower reaches of the Jishui River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Among them, the Yellow River is more vigorously controlled, "east through Luoxu, as for Daling, north over precipitation, as for the mainland, it is sown north as Nine Rivers, the same is the reverse river, into the sea." 5628414 he ruled the rivers and rivers together, "chiseling the dragon gate, dividing the Yique, breaking the river and the river, and injecting the sea in the east." 5628415 After more than ten years of arduous struggle, "Kyushu Yutong, Siao Residence, Jiushan Magazine Brigade, Jiuchuan Diyuan, Jiuzawa Jiupi, and Four Seas Convergence". 5628416 mountains have roads, rivers are unblocked, lakes are not broken, and the ancestors can live in peace. After the water was cured, Dayu "made it beneficial to all the people, and planted humble and wet." After fate, the grain will be given to all the people for rare food." Yihe Houji promoted rice cultivation in low-humidity areas to solve the problem of feeding the people. Grain production is unbalanced in various places, "food is small, and surplus is transferred to each other, so as to equalize the princes." Yu Nai Xingxiang is suitable for all tribute, and the convenience of mountains and rivers." 5628417 Dayu then solved the problem of adjusting surplus shortages and paying tribute to the summer capital, and the dream of natural rivers and rivers. To this end, he set foot in the mountains and rivers, divided the world into Kyushu, and determined the tributes to the dynasty and their water transportation routes according to their respective soil products and the topography of the mountains and rivers. Only when water is controlled can the ancestors have living space; Planting rice, only those who live have food and clothing; Only through luck can the world have a sense of unity. It all started with water control and became water transportation. The moment Yu Shun successfully succeeded in the world, the Chinese nation first fulfilled its dream of living in peace and survival. Dayu water control is a magnificent song of the ancestors who bravely seek dreams and are good at building dreams. Water control equipment is extremely rudimentary, and the experience of overcoming floods is of great universal significance. Dayu water control laid the foundation for the ancient Chinese tradition of attaching importance to science and technology, respecting laws, avoiding harm and seeking benefits from natural rivers, and realizing free passage on water. Relying on his understanding of river water conditions and natural laws, he reflected on the painful lesson of blocking and controlling water, and used the method of dredging the sea to control floods. On this basis, he investigated the properties of various states, and based on the principle of entering the river nearby, he planned the world's tribute transportation route with the summer capital as the end point and the Yellow River as the main road, which was full of innovative spirit. The summer capital is near the river in present-day southwestern Shanxi. The six prefectures, where tribute transportation does not need to wade into the sea, use the Yellow River as the main road. From west to east, they are: Yongzhou from Jishi to Longmen along the river, Liangzhou from submersible into the river, from the Pu into Wei, from Wei into the river, Yuzhou from Luoshui into the river, Jingzhou from the river, Tuo, Tao, and Han waters will enter the river in Luoshui, Qingzhou enters the river through Wen and Jier water, and Yanzhou enters the river through Ji and Luo Ershui. The tribute needs to pass through the two prefectures of the sea route, and the leather clothes of Jizhou Island Yi enter the sea at Jieshi, and then enter the west of the mouth of the Yellow River; Yangzhou enters the river into the sea, from the sea to Huai, and then from Si into the river, the route is reasonable. Dayu showed a high wind and bright festival in the water, "thin clothing and food, filial piety to ghosts and gods." The chamber of the humble palace is to the ditch." 5628418 square is a well, and there is a ditch between the wells; Ten miles are accomplished, and there are mountains between them. Dayu not only controls rivers, but also engages in field planning. Its traditional virtues have become an exemplary force and pioneer inspiration for future generations to manage water and transportation. Dayu Transportation made full use of natural rivers and conditionally connected to some sea lanes, and basically continued this mode of water transportation until the Spring and Autumn Period. Of course, the Shang and Tuesday dynasties have their own innovative directions for water transport on the basis of the Xia dynasty. The Shang Dynasty had considerable understanding and utilization of ocean rafting, maintained effective exchanges of people and things with overseas, and formed a considerable scale of inland water transportation industry in China; In the Zhou Dynasty, the ability to transport troops by inland rivers was greatly increased, and large-scale troop transportation through natural rivers was carried out several times, effectively safeguarding national unity. (2) The Spring and Autumn Warring States slowed down the pace of maritime exploration and attached importance to the excavation of canals, and in the Spring and Autumn Warring States, the princes were divided and the wars intensified, and the unified pattern of three generations of water management and transportation laid down by Dayu could no longer adapt to the conditions of the times; The mode of transportation using only natural rivers also greatly limited the water transportation of the princes. As the King of Zhou increasingly lost his strength to command the world, the world was once again divided. The reunification of the world and the re-establishment of a unified dynasty will fall equally on the shoulders of the larger princes. As part of the dream of unification and the dream of strengthening the country, the dream of water transport has become the only way to enhance strength and unify the world, and the opening of canals has become the main theme of the times. The princes fought for space for development by manually digging the canal, "Since then, Xingyang has led the southeast of the river as a chasm, with the Song, Zheng, Chen, Cai, Cao, and Wei meetings, and Ji, Ru, Huai, and Si." Yu Chu, the west is connected to the Hanshui and Yunmeng wilderness, and the east is connected to the (chasm) ditch between Jianghuai. In Wu, it leads to three rivers and five lakes. Yu Qi, then between Lingji. Yu Shu, Shu guarded the ice chisel away from the sword, repelled the harm of foaming water, and passed through the two rivers in Chengdu. All these canals are available for boats, and the surplus is irrigated for flooding, and the people benefit from it." 5628419 Sima Qian's words cover the main canals opened by the Spring and Autumn Warring States and the achievements of the major princes of the Wei, Qi, Chu, Wu, and Qin states. Wu and Chu, who were founded in the Jianghuai River Valley, were the first to dig the canal and lead the world. As early as the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Wu people opened the 81-mile Taibodu, which was mainly irrigated and had the advantage of connecting boats. In the late Spring and Autumn period, Wu Zixu excavated Xu Xi from Suzhou through Yixing and Liyang to Wuhu to the Yangtze River in order to launch military operations against the state of Chu; Xupu was excavated to connect Taihu Lake in the west and the sea in the east to strengthen the defense of the Vietnamese state. Later, he opened a ditch between Jiang and Huaicheng, and opened water between the Yellow River and Jishui, so that Wu Guoshui's water army could cross the river and enter Huai, and trace the Yellow River west along Huaisi through Heshui, competing with the northern powers of Qi and Jin for a day. The state of Chu was vast, and King Wen's capital was Jiangling, and during the reign of King Zhuang, a canal was dug between Zhangshui and Yangshui in the southeast of Jiangling, forming a canal connecting the Yangtze River and Hanshui for 600 li. In the early days, the state of Chu relied on the Jianghan Canal to transport troops and annexed the Han states; In the later period, the state of Chu successively moved its capital to Yuchen, Juyang, and Shouchun, relying on the chasm system to destroy Yue and expand its power to the East China Sea. The state was founded in the middle and lower reaches of the Huang and Ji Erdu states of Wei and Qi, and the water control and transportation were catching up, and the following year after King Hui of Liang moved the capital to Daliang, he opened the river from Xingyang to Zhongmu, diverting the water of the Yellow River to Pushui, "entering the river into the Putian, and drawing water for the Dagou" 5628420 to Daliang. In the 29th year of King Hui of Liang (341 BC), he connected Danshui in the east to Danshui 5628421 the south through Chendi, and finally formed an artificial canal connecting the Yellow River, the Huai River and the Jishui River, benefiting Wei, Chu, Qi and other states successively. The capital city of Qi State is located on the seashore, opening the river between Zishui and Jishui, entering Ji and Si from the Ziji Canal, connecting the Yellow River and the chasm, and chasing the benefits of the Central Plains. The State of Qin, which was founded on the upper reaches of the river and river, paid attention to the benefits of opening the river and promoting agriculture. In the later period of King Zhao of Qin, Shu guarded Li Bing to open the capital Jiangyan, "the river is used as a dam, through the Pi River and the Jiangjiang, and the other tributaries cross the county to sail boats." The difficulty of 5628422 rehabilitation, the essence of dividing the water and the fish's mouth, the breadth of irrigating the fertile land, and the long-term effect make people marvel today. In the early years of the reign of the King of Qin, the Qin people opened the Zheng Guo Canal, "chiseling water from the mouth of the western residence of Zhongshan as a channel, and injecting more than 300 li into the north of Shandong, intending to irrigate the fields." ...... The canal is completed, and more than 40,000 acres of land are irrigated with filled water, and the harvest is one hour per acre." As a result, 5628423, the northern part of the Qin state became fertile and the southern Bashu became fertile fields, becoming increasingly rich and powerful, and finally unified the six countries and achieved the dream of great unification. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the greatest dream of the Chinese nation was to establish a unified country. Therefore, whatever form of annexation war the nations carried out at that time was the dream of unification, whether consciously or unintentionally. The digging of the canal is the only way for the countries to gain the strength and superiority of unifying the world. (3) The Qin and Han integrated the transportation roads of the countries, the dream of unifying the water transport at the beginning of the Great Unification, and then the journey of the dream ocean Qin Shi Huang patrolled the sea four times after unifying the world, and Emperor Wudi of Han patrolled the sea seven times, reflecting the Qin and Han dynasty's unification dynasty after Yin Shang to re-look at the four seas and revitalize its ambition to conquer the sea. Qin Shi Huang and Emperor Wudi of Han, out of the need to attack the Xiongnu in the north and stabilize the border defense, both integrated and rectified the northern transportation route, expanded and strengthened the unified transportation route, Qin Shi Huang transported the Su of the Shandong Peninsula to the Beihe through the Bohai Sea, and Emperor Wudi of Han gave full play to the effect of the transportation with the Yellow River as the trunk road. During the encroachment of the Qin State on the Six Kingdoms, Kaihe mainly focused on agricultural irrigation; After the destruction of the Six Kingdoms, troops were used against the Xiongnu and Baiyue, focusing on water transportation of grain and grass. Meng Tian led an army of 300,000 against the Xiongnu to use troops, and after repelling the Xiongnu to build the Great Wall, the grain and grass needed to be abundant, and it was far from enough to rely only on land relief in Guanzhong Province, so he "made the world slaughter, starting from the county of Huang, Qi, and Langxi and losing the sea, transferred to Beihe, and led thirty bells to one stone"5628424. Based in Huang County, Fushan County and Qingdao on the Shandong Peninsula, the transportation cost is very high to cross the Bohai Sea to Jieshi into the Beihe River to reach the military front and construction site. In the south, "he also made Wei (Tuo) Tu Sui attack the soldiers of the Lou ship to the south to attack Baiyue, so that the prison lu dug the canal to transport grain, and penetrated deep into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese fled." The canal that 5628425 hewn is the spiritual channel. The 63rd eunuch "Qin Shilu" article in the volume of the "Guangxi Tongzhi" is more detailed: "When the first emperor was born, Shilujian County was used. The first emperor felled Baiyue, Shi Lu transferred pay, and dug canals to open grain roads. From the source of water in Haiyang Mountain, Xiangshui flows north into Yuchu, and Rongjiang flows south into the sea, far from conspiring. For the sake of using the fierce water in the sand, stacking stones as a hammer, sending the stream of Xiang and pouring it in, stirring 60 miles, setting a steep gate 36, so that the water accumulates gradually, so that it can go up the cliff and build a bowl down, which is both through the boat and irrigation, and is called a spiritual canal. "5628426 with this canal, grain and wages were delivered from the Xiangjiang River to the front line, and the great cause of reunification was completed. Emperor Wudi of Han was unwilling to maintain the security of the northern frontier by losing money with his relatives, and chose to defeat the Xiongnu by war and eliminate the border troubles once and for all, which was the dream of all Han dynastyrs. The Huangwei Transportation Road is the lifeblood of the Western Han Dynasty, and the Guandong Caograin Transport to Chang'an, in addition to the danger of the three gates, there is also the obstruction of Weishui, which seriously restricts the scale of Caojiang. During the reign of Emperor Wu, the canal between Chang'an and Tongguan was opened to abandon the Wei Road, which greatly improved the efficiency of boats from the Yellow River to cross the three gates and enter Chang'an in the west; Sanghong sheep and precious corn are heavy on water, stimulate the potential of prefectures, counties and people, and realize the dream of 6 million stones of annual luck. Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, mainly relied on the Yellow River and the Bianhe River to transport the Huanghuai River Basin. At the turn of the two Han Dynasties, the river collapsed, and the fate of the transportation road to the east hung in the balance. During the reign of Emperor Ming Yongping, Wang Jing and Wang Wu were ordered to control the river, "build canals and embankments, from Xingyang east to Qianchenghaikou for more than a thousand miles." Jing Nai discussed the terrain, chiseled the mountains, broke the achievements, cut straight through the ravines, prevented the rush, dredged the accumulation, and set up a water gate in ten miles, so that there was no danger of relapsing and leakage. Although the scenery is simple, it is still tens of billions." 5628427 the two kings ruled the river and guided the lower reaches of the Yellow River from a thousand times into the sea, the new road chose a very strategic vision, and built a large embankment on both sides, so as to ensure that the Yellow River will not be rerouted for a thousand years thereafter, and ensure that the smooth transportation of the Bianqu can be carried out for two hundred years without major recurrence. This is a perfect river management action of the Ming Emperor and the wise ministers who meet and complement each other, and embodies the great power of building dreams in the early stage of feudal society. (4) The Three Kingdoms once again sought the dream of a canal power, the Six Dynasties stood firm in water wars, and although the overseas three countries were divided and confronted each other, Wei and Wu independently dug the canal to provide water transport support for the unification war, which was quite a big achievement. In order to unify the north and consolidate the border defense, Cao Wei successively built a number of canals, and at the place where Qishui entered the river, he used large wooden weirs to stop Qishui from entering Baigou, and built stone weirs at the intersection of Qishui and Qishui and the junction of Qishui and Suxu Gudu, forming the Baigou canal system, which effectively supported the war against Yuan. Later, the northern expedition to Wuhuan, "suffering from the difficulty of military food, chiseling the two channels of Pingyu and Quanzhou into the sea for transportation" 5628428. The Pingyu Canal flows from Tuotuo into the Lu River, and the Quanzhou Canal flows from the Lu River into the Lu River, and from the Lu River out of the Bohai Sea to the front line, successfully surpassing Qin Shi Huang across the Bohai North River. On the occasion of Yu Rong's horse, Lianxing high-difficulty canal excavation project reflects the will of the Cao Wei Group to strengthen the water transport country. After unifying and consolidating the north, Cao Wei later dug the Suiyang Canal, the Jia Hou Canal, the Qiaoyu Canal, and the Guangcao Canal in the Huaihe River Basin near the Eastern Wu Canal, and transported both Caoqiao and Tuntian, accumulated grain and transported troops, and gradually formed a deterrent and enterprising momentum against Eastern Wu. Soochow built the transport road with Moling as the center. After the construction of the capital Moling, the periphery was opened to improve the conditions for Jiangsu and Zhejiang ships to arrive in Beijing. In August of the eighth year of Chiwu (245), "Chen Xun, the captain of the school, sent Tuntian and 30,000 soldiers to the middle road of Jurong, and from a young age to the western city of Yunyang, Tonghui City, as a residence pavilion" 5628429. Xiaoqi is located on the source of the Qinhuai River in Jurong Realm, and from then on the river opens to Yunyang Xicheng to connect to the Jiangnan Canal, with a total length of 50 li. Because the middle section of the Kaining Town mountain range, also known as the broken gang. The broken post relies on 14 sections to block the water level, and the ship must be pulled by human cattle to cross the wall. Nevertheless, the river connects the Qinhuai River and the Jiangnan Canal, strengthening the connection between Moling and the Taihu Lake and Qiantang River systems. He also dug and dredged the transportation and tidal ditches outside Moling City. It turned out that the grain was unloaded from the Qinhuai River, and there were ten miles to the city of Jingshi Cangcheng, like a car turning, "Chiwu three years, so that the southwest of Yushi Xijian Chisel City from the north of Qinhuai to Cangcheng, the name of the fortune is profane." After the 5628430 is chiseled, the grain can reach Cangcheng directly. "Tidal ditch, opened by Emperor Wu. It connects Qingxi to Qinhuai with the tide of the river, transports to the west, and connects Houhu Lake in the north. "After the opening of the 5628431, the surrounding rivers and lakes are connected and connected to the inland rivers of the capital. Soochow not only expanded the tradition of water transport between Wu and Vietnam in the Spring and Autumn Period, but also had quite active sailing activities as far as Liaodong in the north and Taiwan in the south. Most of the northern dynasties were nomads who entered the Central Plains, and the water control and transportation were greatly backwards compared with Cao Wei. The Southern Dynasty could not manage water transportation out of Eastern Wu, and the overall level regressed, but carried forward the tradition of the Warring States Wu Yue in water warfare, inherited Eastern Wu's emphasis on water warfare and paid attention to overseas mantle, and continued the glory of Eastern Wu water warfare and navigation. The basis of water warfare is warship manufacturing and transportation channel development, and in a certain sense, it can be said that water war is a manifestation of extreme water transportation. In the twelfth year of King Chu Zhao (505 BC), "Wu Dazi finally defeated Chu Zhoushi. The boat division fought in the water battle, and won Pan Zichen, Xiao Weizi and seven doctors." 5628432 At that time, Wu Chu participated in the water battle with only hundreds of warships and thousands of water troops. The water war of the Six Dynasties was much larger than the scale, and in the battle between the Sun-Liu coalition army and the Cao army in Chibi, Liu Biao alone surrendered the Cao water army as many as 80,000, the Sun-Liu coalition army had no less than 30,000 water troops, and the participating warships alone Liu Biao surrendered the Cao warship "in thousands", and the Sun-Liu coalition army battleships would not be less than a thousand. At the end of Xiao Liang's reign, Hou Jing was in turmoil, and Chen Baxian and Wang Sengwen each led tens of thousands of sailors and thousands of warships, and the number of rebels was comparable to them, which can be described as unprecedented in scale. The navigation of the Southern Dynasty made great progress compared to Eastern Wu. The Eastern Jin Dynasty monk Fa Xian traveled by sea to India and Sri Lanka, and wrote "Records of Buddha Country" to record the Indian Ocean routes, reflecting the understanding and use of the law of the marine monsoon at that time. During the Liu and Song dynasties, there were frequent exchanges and exchanges of envoys with Linyi and Funan in the Indochina Peninsula, and commercial envoys such as Shiziguo, Anxi, Daqin, and Tianzhu in South Asia, West Asia and the Persian Gulf. The two dynasties of Xiao Qi and Xiao Liang continued the situation of Liu and Song overseas trade "boats following the road" and "merchants going back and forth", so that the overseas tribute exchange and non-governmental trade in ancient China entered the era of regularization. (5) The Sui Dynasty pioneered a canal water transport system centered on Luoyang and ending in Chang'an, reaching Zhuo County in the north and Hangzhou in the south, running north to north and west to east and west, and the Tang Dynasty strengthened and perfected this system to maximize its water transport potential. Moreover, it is connected to the Yellow River in a solid place on the bank of the middle reach, and there is a Tongji Canal between the Yellow River and the Huaiyang Canal as a buffer, the Yellow River and Luoyang are connected to Luoshui, and the Yellow River and Yongji Canal are connected to Qinshui, and Luoshui and Qinshui are tributaries of the Yellow River and are not irrigated by the Yellow River. The main reason for the Sui Emperor's opening of the Ji Canal and the Yongji Canal was certainly for the convenience of personal patrols and even play, but it was by no means without a little consideration of opening the canal to help the military country. The opening of the Grand Canal in the Sui Dynasty objectively reflected the Chinese nation's dedication to conquering rivers and realizing freedom of water transportation. While inheriting the Sui people's river transportation system, the Tang Dynasty not only adhered to the Silk Road starting from Chang'an, maintained and expanded land trade with Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia and even Europe, but also used Guangzhou, Quanzhou and other places as ports to expand maritime trade with Northeast Asia, South Asia and the West, and its open-mindedness and temperament surpassed that of the Qin and Han dynasties. Sustainable inland water transport and far-reaching external land and sea trade have created another peak of water control and transportation in ancient China. (6) The Song people pursued risk-free transportation and profit-making shipping, and although the Instrument Bureau was small but quite efficient, the Northern Song Dynasty built the capital Bianliang, mainly on the southeast side of the lower reaches of the Yellow River into the sea, and greatly reduced dependence on the Yellow River compared with the Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the south of the capital, there are Huimin River and Cai River to connect Chen and Ying, west to the Yellow River and Guanzhong Transport, northeast to Wuzhang River to connect Qilu, and southeast to connect Jianghuai. 5628433 the above-mentioned water transport network does not need to go retrograde three doors, and the annual transportation of military grain reaches 6 to 7 million stone, which is very convenient for water transportation. The capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, Lin'andi, is in a dense place with a dense water network in the south of the Jiangnan, with free access to the sea in the east, waterway transportation in Fujian, Gan, Guangdong and Gui in the west and south, and the Jiangnan Canal in the north connecting the Yangtze River, without the need for huge investment in water transportation to enjoy the benefits of water transportation. The inland water transport of the two Song Dynasties is sustainable, but due to the small size of the country, it lacks the radiance of the Han and Tang Dynasties. Consistent with the unintentional expansion of the land on land, the Song people also had no ambitions to exert their overseas ambitions, and their navigation and foreign trade were quite pragmatic, and the characteristics of mercenary were obvious. The two Song Dynasties successively opened the ports of Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Hangzhou, Mizhou, Fuzhou, and Wenzhou, and obtained huge profits from overseas merchants and local merchant ships going to sea, which were used to support domestic financial expenditure, and did not pursue anything far. (7) The Yuan people pioneered a new pattern of caograin shipping as the mainstay and river transportation as the supplement, the scale of caograin shipping is huge, and the river transportation system can be sustainable, not only accepting ships from all over the world to trade in China, but also organizing fleets to go to sea for business, pushing ancient China's water control and transportation to the highest realm, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty were a nation on horseback, and they were originally unfamiliar with water transportation; It is also set in Beijing, and the southeast road of Caoyun is far beyond the previous dynasty, and the development of Caoyun cannot follow the rules. At first, I also wanted to follow the old system of the Tang and Song dynasties, but the initial test of river transportation was difficult, and instead reused the pirates to travel by sea, and after several explorations of new roads and various improvements, the efficiency of shipping increased greatly, "when the boat traveled sometimes, from western Zhejiang to Jingshi, but only the end of the day", the 5628434 annual transportation volume also soared from the initial tens of thousands of stones to 3 million stones. The cleverness of the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty lies in the groundbreaking dreams and fulfilling their dreams in the transportation of grain and grain, and also in the wilderness of their dreams and dreams in the Kaijeju River and the Huitong River, and even more brilliantly in the fact that they both carried out shipping and insisted on river transportation, and insisted on entering the Huanghuai River at the Huai'an Pan Dam, respecting the water conditions and water transport laws of China's rivers, and sustainably building a water transport framework. Second, the special history of the two periods before and after the history of water control and transportation in China has not paid attention to the essential difference between the Ming and Qing river transport system and the Xian Ming river transport system, has not examined the essential difference between the Xian Ming transport channel connecting the Yellow River in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the Ming and Qing transport channel connecting to the Yellow River in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and has not paid attention to the huge impact of the Yuan Dynasty river transport on the sustainability of river transport after the dam in Huai'an overturned into Huanghuai and Yongle thirteen years later, which is the limitation of previous research on canals, water transport and river control. This book was fortunate to be written after the Chinese Dream and sustainability theory were proposed, and it was able to come out on top of the research perspective and improve the research conclusion. (1) The two phases of access to the Yellow River are close in shape but different in quality, and the Xianming River is transported to the Yellow River through tributaries or canals in the solid place between Luoyang and Zhengzhou in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, which has the benefits of the river without the harm of bad luck, reflecting the wisdom of the ancients in respecting the water conditions of China's rivers. Chang'an and Luoyang in the Yellow River Basin of the two Han Dynasties mainly relied on the Yellow River and the chasm system (mainly the Bianhe River in the Eastern Han Dynasty) to transport to the east. Chang'an connects the Yellow River with Wei Water, Luoyang connects the Yellow River with Luoshui, and Wei and Luo are tributaries, and the Yellow River cannot be irrigated. The Sui and Tang dynasties took Luoyang as the center and Chang'an as the end of the transportation. The north and south canals connect to the Yellow River through the Bian Canal and Qinshui, and the water level of Qinshui is higher than that of the Yellow River; Although the Bianqu uses the Yellow River as the water source, it is sustainable because it is adsorbed by the cement sand through the canal. The Northern Song Dynasty built the capital Bianliang, and the transportation was simpler than that of the Han and Tang Dynasties. In the south of Bianliang, there are Huimin River and Cai River connecting Chen and Ying, west has the Yellow River and Guanzhong River, northeast has Wuzhang River to connect Qilu, and southeast has Bianqu to connect Jianghuai, of which Bianqu alone transports 5 million stone of Jianghuai grain, which is deeply beneficial to water transportation. The Bianqu leads the yellow water floating boat, and the opening is in the middle of the river channel is stable and the soil is solid. Although these are no different from those of the Sui and Tang dynasties, as the river travels longer, its ability to absorb sediment decreases, and the Song people continue to transport water through the canal, which is more difficult than that of the Han and Tang dynasties. First of all, estuarine control is difficult. "Every year, Bianshui has the name of proposing to open, sub-opening, and preparing to open, where there are four or five places. Although the old estuary is not changing, and the trenches and others will also be widely measured, covering the age and moving 40,000 or 50,000. "5628435 often open and block, block and open again. Secondly, the cost of controlling sand in the Bianhe River is huge. In the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1015), part of the water section was drained, and the labor was as much as 860,000. "Cut the bank along the river, and its shallow parts are sawtooths, so as to bind the water potential and make it a river." 5628436 the cost of sawing teeth and wooden shores is not small. Nevertheless, the unsustainable access of the transport channel to the Yellow River can be eliminated through continuous management of the Bianqu canal. Moreover, the Song people later implemented the Qingbian Project, which diverted Luo water into Bian, replacing the water source of the Yellow River, which is more sustainable. If the project was not later abandoned because the water was not enough to support the boats in the canal, but the construction of gates, the installation of more water tanks, strict management, or the construction of small boats, the project could be persisted for a long time. The capital of the Yuan Dynasty was Beijing, creating a pattern of water transport based on shipping and supplemented by river transport. Although its river transportation is not efficient, Jiangnan boats overturned the dam in Huai'an and entered Huanghuai, respecting the water permit. During the Hongwu period, the river and sea were transported simultaneously to the north, and until thirteen years ago in Yongle, the river transportation continued the practice of Yuanrenpan damming into Huanghuai, which was sustainable. The qualitative change of the river transport system occurred during the Yongle period. Yongle Junchen overly pursued safe and efficient river transportation, and the transportation channel connected to Huanghuai in Huai'an and went to the dam to use the lock and pass the gate for direct navigation, and changed the dam into Huanghuai to pass the gate and enter directly. Chen Xuan opened the Qingjiang Pu River in Huai'an, "from the west of Huai'an City Guanjia Lake, dug a canal for 20 miles, for Qingjiang Pu, channeled the water of the lake into Huai'an, and built four gates to vent in time." 5628437 after that, the boat passed through the four locks and went straight north into the Huai River, which can be maintained under the conditions of Huang, Huai, and Hydrological Transport. Because the bed of the Huanghuai River was still low at that time, the main stream of the Yellow River was hundreds of miles west of Hongze Lake and captured the vortex into Huai, although the Huitong River had a tributary of the Yellow River but the flow was limited, and the river sand would not come to Qingkou for a while. However, in the long run, the river transportation system laid down by Yongle Junchen was not sustainable because it did not take into account the changing trend of the Yellow River flowing into Huai, and once the main stream of the Yellow River directly entered Huaihuai at Qingkou, the rising riverbed would bring endless flooding to Hongze Lake and the Huaiyang Canal. This betrays the tradition of conditional and controlled access to the Yellow River by the Xianming Movement. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty were also a people on horseback, but they did not like the sea as much as the Yuan people and were good at using the sea, but did not hesitate to inherit the grain river transportation of the Ming people. The Ming and Qing dynasties adhered to the river transport system in which the Yellow, Huai, and Yun met at Qingkou, and when the Yellow River was harmful and difficult to maintain, they both stuck to the Yongle River system, did not want to restore the tradition of the Ming Dynasty, let alone did not practice shipping, and fell into the quagmire of bitter struggle with the Yellow River, which is really a great tragedy. (2) The sand content of the Yellow River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is getting bigger and bigger, and the difficulty of river engineering has increased sharply, and the natural foundation of the Ming and Qing River is that the sand content of the Yellow River is getting bigger and bigger, and frequent breaches have made the geology on both sides of the river increasingly desertified, it is increasingly difficult to control the Yellow River and smooth the water transportation, and it is increasingly difficult to store the enemy yellow and maintain the balance of the water situation of the three rivers. During the Jiajing period, Huang Wei's "Miscellaneous Discussions on Governing the River" said: "Three generations practice the system of well fields." There will be a gully between the well fields, and the water of the gully will lead to the source of the water, so Jing and Wei... Fen, and Shen are divided between the Yong, Yu, Liang, and Ji Pingye ditches, and the water enters the river with few people, and the river is weak if the water is small. Therefore, the disaster of the Yellow River rush was not three generations ago. Since the martingale opened up the unknown, Li Wei did his best, and the well field was wasted, and the ditch was wasted. Therefore, the waters of Jing, Wei, Yi and Luo belong to the river, and those who enter the river are many, and the water people are prosperous. Therefore, the Yellow River rushed to the end, especially after the Qin and Han dynasties. "Since the 5628438 Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the well fields have been destroyed, the water and soil conservation has gradually deteriorated, and the sand content of the Yellow River has become more and more large, and by the beginning of the Han Dynasty, it had the name of the Yellow River. Subsequently, in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, social turmoil, the Five Hu Hu Hua in the Western Jin Dynasty, the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty annihilated the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yuan Meng destroyed Jin, and the Yellow River Valley were all areas most affected by war, and the Yellow River could not be effectively managed. In addition, in the Han and Tang capitals of Guanzhong Province, the wars in the west and north were successively successful, many nomads were annexed, agricultural areas expanded, nomadic areas shrank, and forests and grasslands were seriously damaged, which also contributed to the increasing sand content of the Yellow River. Therefore, before the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yellow River entered the sea from the Bohai Sea and was less decided, and after the Southern Song Dynasty, the river gradually migrated south and became more decisive. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the main stream of the Yellow River passed from Kaifeng to Xuzhou and Huai'an, capturing the lower reaches of the Huaihe River into the sea. At the beginning of the Wanli Dynasty, "in today's terms, the river descends from Mengjin, flows eastward through the flat land of Zhongzhou, and drains between Xu and Pei. 5628439 not only does the river rise a lot above the ground, but it has also broken and diverted many times, and the yellow pan area on both sides of the bank has become increasingly sandy. After the opening, it cannot be blocked immediately, and the water is full of sand, and the shallow ones are several feet deep; And once the water is captured, it becomes a positive river. The river is so rolling around, the lower reaches of the river are all old roads in the north and south, and the location is sandy, and it is difficult to build embankments and bind water. When Yongle decided to abandon shipping and specialize in river transportation in the thirteenth year of Yongle (1415), he cut many old roads of the Yellow River when he would open the river; After the entire flow of the Yellow River entered Huaihuai at the mouth of Qingkou in the early stage of Jiajing, the soil on both sides of the Yellow River in Kaifeng, Xuzhou and Huai'an had long been desertified and increasing with each passing day. In the fourth year of Longqing (1570), Pan Ji tamed the Fupi River and built embankments to extract red soil, or dig sand and remnants, or transport them from distant mountains. Jin Fuzhi River embankment is strictly rammed, the embankment body must be solid and then stop, no other river workers control the quality so strictly, the river embankment is mostly built with floating sand, so the Yellow River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is easy to decide and decide, and the conditions are very different from the Han and Tang Dynasty when the road connects the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the river travels north. (3) The social basis for the accumulation of corruption in feudal society and the fact that it is difficult to return to the Ming and Qing River Transportation is that the feudal officialdom is greedy and difficult to return, which is specifically manifested in the fact that there are fewer and fewer Qing officials to follow, more and more corrupt officials, big officials are greedy, small officials are greedy, and no officials are greedy. At the same time, cutting corners, the Dafa River harms the country and finances, the quality of river workers is getting worse and worse, and the Yellow River's harmful luck is endless and intensifying. Ancient Chinese rulers were greatly worse than the Yuan Dynasty. The political systems of the Yuan Dynasty, such as the system of accounting in the ear palace, the system of sub-sealing, the system of cowardice, the system of household registration of various colors, and the system of judging officials, were essentially that the Mongols and Semu people arbitrarily slaughtered the world, on the one hand, they rarely had a sense of clean administration, and on the other hand, they rarely imposed discipline and law-abiding restraints on subordinate officials. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, "since the dictatorship of King Boyan of Qin, Taiwanese constitutional officials have all obtained harmonic prices, often to thousands; and its sub-patrols, competing with the situation to fish and hunt and pay for it, such as the ratio of Tang debt and handsome. Therefore, there is a division of the wind, bribery up and down the public bank like a market, and there is no revival of the discipline. Su Zheng Lian visited the official office to the prefecture and county, and each brought the treasury to check the banknote and weigh the silver, and the city road "5628440. It shows that the officials of the Yuan Dynasty were inferior and the officialdom was dark. In the field of water transportation, Zhu Qing and Zhang Xuan made meritorious achievements, "father and son became prime ministers, younger brothers and nephews were all officials, pastoral houses were all over the world, warehouses and warehouses looked at each other, huge ships and sails were exchanged in Yizhong, and they rode in the gate alley, so they and Jingde and other Yi admired the golden talisman for thousands of households, accumulated money, and were self-satisfied." 5628441 Zhang Xuan's son Zhang Wei, "Officials participate in politics, rich than princes, jewelry fan, with tens of thousands." Every year, shipping fraudulently claims that it is not in the turmoil, and it is privately transferred to foreign goods for sale, and the momentum is overwhelming. Between Jianghuai and Jianghuai, the land house will be sold to the two, and others will not dare to get it." 5628442 shows the darkness of the maritime industry. Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty deeply hated the darkness of the late Yuan rulers, and after the founding of the country, he punished corruption and anti-corruption as for peeling the skin and grass. Coupled with the use of water armies engaged in maritime transportation, and the grain chief to host the transportation, to a certain extent, the immersion of greedy ink from the late Yuan to the early Ming Dynasty was blocked. Therefore, in the early Ming Dynasty, river management and water transportation were quite incorruptible, basically synchronized with the Yellow River's seizure of the vortex into Huai, and not directly into Huaihuai at the Qingkou. The descendants of future generations lacked the consciousness and will to punish corruption and fight corruption, and during the reigns of Emperor Xianzong and Emperor Wuzong, they disordered the dynasty and allowed greed, especially after the two emperors Jiajing and Wanli fainted, and after the Apocalypse monarchs corrupted the dynasty, the corruption of officials in the late Ming Dynasty became more and more prosperous. The Qing Dynasty was able to dominate the world by adopting a large number of Ming officials, and failed to deal with the corruption of Hecao in the late Ming Dynasty, and Kang Qianshi relied on the emperor's insight and iron fist to punish corruption and curb Hecao's job-related crimes, and could only maintain the minimum of clean and honest officials in the management of Hecao. In the last years of Qianlong, he recruited bribes and bad officials. Although Jiaqing Chu gave death to Hejun, it failed to eliminate the remnants of the Heshi party, so that later corruption intensified, spread rapidly, and all disasters were lost, constituting the unsustainable social cause of the Ming and Qing dynasties. 3. The Ming and Qing River Transportation Pursues Sustainability in an Unsustainable Ming and Qing River Transportation Compared with the Han and Tang Dynasties, there are three major changes: first, it joins the Yellow River in Huai'an, where the river has narrow banks and is prone to collapse; Second, in order to shorten the transportation distance, the meeting was held to pass through the old road of the Yellow River in Rusido, and the upstream water was very easy to break the transportation channel; The third north-south canal travels hundreds of miles by yellow. The major change in river transport in the Ming and Qing dynasties compared with the Yuan Dynasty is that in order to pursue direct navigation, the dam gate was abandoned at Qingkou, so that the three rivers of Huang, Huai and Yun met at Qingkou, thus forming an unsustainable and dangerous water situation of Ming and Qing River Transportation, which became the main problem to overcome in the continuous river transportation of the Ming and Qing dynasties. (1) The meeting of the Huang, Huai, and Yun rivers at Qingkou was the main reason for the unsustainable transportation of the Ming and Qing rivers in the thirteenth year of Yongle (1415), Chen Xuan 5628443 in view of the fact that "Jiangnan Caozhou arrived in Huai'an, led land transportation across the dam, and crossed the Huaida Qing River, and the labor cost was huge". The Qingjiang Pu River was opened, and four locks were built to send Jiangnan boats into the Huai River. However, the convenience of boating and the cost reduction in Figure 1 ignore the rationality of the original coiled dam into Huai, and there is no response plan for the future when the main stream of the Yellow River flows into Huaihuai at the mouth of the Qingkou and the bed of the outer river is increasingly raised, and the canal and Hongze Lake are poured back. At that time, the main stream of the Yellow River swam into Huaihe River, and the following year the Yellow River swirled into Huai, which would not endanger Qingkou for a while. Moreover, one river alone can transport four to five million stones a year to meet the needs of the capital and the north. The dream of safe and efficient water transportation that Ming people dreamed of has been fulfilled, and basically maintained He'an Caotong for decades. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the water level of the Huaiyang Canal was higher than that of the Huaihe River, "Before Jiajing, the water went from the mouth of the Li River to the outer river, and the situation was high inside, so the old and new Qingjiang and other locks were built to store high and clear water from Baozhuhu Lake." 5628444, the Yellow River collapsed and was diverted frequently, and more than 100 years after the Yellow River captured the vortex in the 14th year of Yongle, the main stream of the Yellow River in the early Jiajing period tended east to Xuzhou and entered Huai'an in Huai'an, and the bed of the outer river was rapidly raised, and there was gradually the danger of pouring into the Li River and Honghu Lake. At the turn of Longqing and Wanli, "the area around the Lihe River gradually accumulated silt." Only by working hard every year can we make a profit." 5628445 At that time, the water level of Hongze Lake was also low, and by the fifth year of Wanli, "the lake water has always been not five feet, the embankment is only seven feet, and now the embankment is increased to one foot and two feet, and the water is even higher" 5628446. The Yellow River Irrigation Canal and Hongze Lake are increasingly harmed. In the early Jiajing period, the main stream of the Yellow River entered Huaihuai for several decades at the mouth of Qingkou, and the river collapsed and deteriorated in the fourth year of Wanli, "the river broke Cui Town, the yellow water flowed north, the Qinghe estuary silted, the whole Huainan migrated south, the Gaoyan Lake embankment was bad, and Huai, Yang, Gaoyou, and Baoying were all greatly flooded." 5628447 Mingren was mired in a bitter struggle with the Yellow River. The Ming court appointed Pan Ji to tame the river, "build a weir to build a martial artist mound through the big and small streams to Funing Lake to defend the eastern invasion; Build an embankment from Qingjiangpu along the Liupu Bay of the Baochi Mountain to the east to control the overflow of Henan; Worried about the Hanoi rushing and eroding Caoye, Yan Wu Gate opened and closed, waiting for the Caoji ship alone, and in June the dam was built, the official and civilian ships were coiled by the dam, and the sand was not irrigated; More than 600 miles from Xu to Huai, the north and south embankments meandered towards each other. Therefore, when Huai Bi clears its mouth, a great river will flow into the sea, and the sea mouth will not be dredged." 5628448 has made achievements in the management of rivers and waters. And the above practice is theoretically summarized, the embankment of the Yellow River is high, forcing the Huanghuai parallel flow to enter the sea through the Qingkou, called using the dike to bind the water and brush the sand with water; Raising and strengthening the Gaojiayan and raising the water level of Hongze Lake to compete with the water potential of the Yellow River outside Qingkou, called Qingqing enemy yellow, which is the continuous road of river transportation found by Pan Jili. However, the Ming people had concerns about flooding the Ming Zuling on the other side of Honghu Lake. Pan Ji tamed the enemy Huang for more than ten years, and the ancestral tomb began to be flooded. In the twenty-fourth year of Wanli (1596), Yang Yikui changed his line to "divide the yellow and guide Huai", temporarily achieving the effect of "Siling water is peaceful, while Huai and Yang'an" 5628449. Yang Yikui divided the yellow, and even insisted on not blocking the Yellow River's yellow mouth decision, but instead accelerated the elevation of the riverbed and the bottom of the lake, and in the 30th year of Wanli, "the emperor did not block the yellow mouth with one kui, rushed the ancestral tomb, and rebuked the people 5628450". After that, the Ming people swayed left and right between storing enemy yellow and dividing yellow and guiding Huai, and the efficiency of river control became less and less. In the early Qing Dynasty, the river was not clear. During the period when Yang Fangxing and Zhu Zhixi were the general of the river, they basically continued the state of swaying left and right in the late Ming Dynasty to clear the enemy yellow and divide the yellow and guide Huai, and later, after a long period of exploration, they summed up the lessons of the river collapse, especially the unprecedented river decisive that broke out in the fifteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, and the water conservancy of the upper and lower transportation roads of Qingkou was paralyzed, and the ruler suddenly repented and realized that continuous river transportation must return to the road of Panji taming and clearing enemy yellow, binding water with dikes, and brushing sand with water. Therefore, Jin Fu was pushed to the post of Zonghe by the Qing Shengzu, and Pan Ji's idea of taming the river was put into practice again. At that time, the Qing Holy Ancestor was freed from the important task of pacifying the San Francisco, and the Ming Jun and the wise ministers met in a storm. In the sixteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1677), Jin Fu practiced the strategy of using dikes to bind water, brush sand with water, and store the enemy Huang, in order to adjust the water conservancy factors in the Qingkou area to improve the overall situation of the Zhizhi River, move the transportation mouth within the sphere of influence of the lake, and open the Zhong River to compress the water journey of borrowing Huang to transport only a few miles; Let go of flooding Sizhou City, raise the embankment of Hongze Lake without limit, and strengthen the effect of storing enemy yellow; The Great Monument built the embankment of the Yellow River, forcing the parallel flow of the Yellow River through the Qingkou and flowing into the sea. However, the Yun, Huai, and Huang rivers still meet at Qingkou, and the cost of managing the river and the water will increase day by day, becoming a social burden. (2) Huitong River intersects many old roads of the Yellow River in Luxi, and there are two places to lead the Yellow River to shorten the journey, during the Yongle period, the Song Li Institute held a meeting to lead the river through the Luxi Yellow River old road, and there are two places where the Yellow River is diverted to solve the dilemma of insufficient water sources of the Huitong River, which shows that the Ming people did not realize the potential threat of the Yellow River. Future generations have endured hardships for this to realize that it is necessary to end the Yellow River and spend great efforts to transform the Lunan Canal away from the Yellow River. In the ninth year of Yongle (1411), when Song Li and others reconvened the meeting to connect the river, they not only did not consider the harm of the repetition of the tragedy of "the water invading Anshan in the north, along the Huitong and the canal, extending Jinan and the river 5628451", but also deliberately arranged for two places to lead to the Huangji Luck. First, in the middle section of Zhangqiu and Shawan, Jiajing's "Shandong Tongzhi" volume 6 Yanzhou Fushan River "Huitong River" article is very clear: "In the ninth year of the Yongle Dynasty, Shangshu Song Li of the Ministry of Works suggested dredging. However, the river traveled south to Shawan, and traveled more than 20 miles north, and the rest followed the old road. From Jining, it leads to the Wen Sihu and the mountains and rivers, and to Shawan, it leads to the tributaries of the Yellow River from Jinlongkou, and the general name will be the river. "5628452 2 is the mouth of the Yutai collapse site, Yongle" In July of the ninth year, the river returned to the old road, self-titled Qiu Jinlongkou, Xiayutai collapsed the field, met Wenshui, and entered Yuhuai through Xu and Lü Erhong in the south. At that time, the Huitong River had been opened, the Yellow River merged with it, and the Caodao Datong "5628453. This situation continued until the late Ming Dynasty, when the Wanli "Yanzhou Fuzhi" volume 19 of the Cao Prefecture "Shuanghekou" article was downloaded: "The Yellow River enters from Cao County and flows east to the north of the prefecture capital, and divides into two branches. One of them enters Leize, and the other enters Yuncheng, which is called the mouth of the Shuanghe. Huanglinggang is both stuffed and dry up infrequently, and the water at the mouth of the Shuanghe River flows southeast into the Niutou River, passing through Jiaxiang and Jining to the mouth of the Yutai Collapse Field. "5628454 leads to luck, which is tantamount to drinking and quenching thirst. From the thirteenth year of the Orthodox reign to the thirty-second year of the Wanli era, most rivers were definitely harmed and connected to rivers. In the thirteenth year of orthodoxy (1448), "In autumn, Xinxiang Baliu Shukou also decided, Mancao, Pu, arrived in Dongchang, rushed Zhang Qiu, collapsed Shou Zhangshawan, bad luck road, east into the sea". 5628455 the following 46 years, similar rivers were repeatedly blocked, and the northern section of the river was harmed. Until the seventh year of Hongzhi, Liu Daxia built an embankment to divert the tributaries of the Yellow River in Shawan to Xuzhou, ending the Yellow Ji Transportation of Zhang Qiu and Shawan. Since then, the Yellow River has been concentrated in the southern section of Huitong. In the fifth year of Jiajing (1526), "the upper flow of the Yellow River overflowed suddenly, northeast to the Miaodaokou of Peixian County, cut off the canal, injected Jimingtaikou, and entered Zhaoyang Lake." The water of Wen and Si went south to the east, and the river out of the Feiyun Bridge spread north, silting up for tens of miles 5628456", directly paralyzing the Yun Dao. At that time, the southern section of the Huitong River was west of Zhaoyang Lake, and this area was low. According to the "Tongzhi of Shandong", in the sixth, seventh, eightth, nineth, thirteenth, thirty-sixth, thirty-eighth, forty-fourth, and forty-fifth years of Jiajing, and the twenty-first year of Wanli, the main stream or tributaries of the Yellow River rushed directly to Zhaoyang Lake, paralyzing the transportation. After a long period of debate and continuous attempts, the Ming people finally opened the Mi River in the 32nd year of Wanli, avoiding the yellow and traveling to the east of Zhaoyang Lake, and the harm of the Yellow River was alleviated. The Qing people did not lead the Yellow Ji Movement on the Huitong River, but the Yellow River attacked the Zhangqiu and Shawan sections of the Huitong River to form three high tides during the Shunzhi, Kangxi and Jiaqing years, which was no less harmful than the Ming Dynasty. In the seventh year of Shunzhi, the river broke Jinglongkou to break Zhang Qiuyun Road, and in the ninth year of Shunzhi, the Yellow River broke again. In August of the 60th year of the Kangxi Dynasty, the river decided Wu Shen, and the Great Slip North tended to Zhang Qiu, and entered the Salt River from the Wukong Bridge to the sea; In the sixty-first year, he re-decided Wuchen Mayingkou and rushed Zhang Qiu into the Daqing River. In September of the eighth year of Jiaqing, the river broke the Qiu Heng family building, and in September of the twenty-fourth year of Jiaqing, the river broke the Maying Dam, and rushed to Zhang Qiu into the sea. It shows that the river has been flowing into Huaizhou and Huai'an for a long time, the riverbed is too high, and the lower reaches of the Yellow River are gradually changing course. (3) The canal is connected to the Yellow River, which is essentially different from that of the Sui and Tang Dynasties: the northern canal of the Sui and Tang Dynasties is connected to the Yellow River through Qinshui, and the southern canal is connected to the Yellow River through the Tongji Canal. Although the Tongji Canal uses the Yellow River as the water source to float boats, the bank foundation where the river enters the river is solid, and the long river body adsorbs and digests cement sand; Qinshui on the north bank is a tributary of the Yellow River, and the water level is higher than that of the Yellow River, and the Yellow Water is not able to reverse the Qinshui and is sustainable. The Ming and Qing Canal directly connects to the Yellow River downstream, where the soil is sandy, the dikes are weak, and there are many decisive collapses, and the three rivers of Huang, Huai and Yun meet at Qingkou, and the north of Qingkou travels hundreds of miles by Huang. Maintain the balance of the water potential of the three rivers and ensure that the river is safe and watery. In the early Jiajing period, the main stream of the Yellow River flowed directly into Huaihuai at Qingkou, and decades later, problems accumulated. The first is to use the yellow luck to be dangerous. The passage between Xuzhou and Pizhou in the late Jiajing Dynasty was repeatedly troubled by the bursts of the Yellow River, and the flood paralyzed the passage and rushed into Zhaoyang Lake, causing widespread harm. Jiajing "In the autumn and July of the 44th year, the river moved north, and the Feiyun Bridge of the decisive pei crossed the countercurrent, traveled eastward, entered Zhaoyang Lake, and flooded east. The flat land is full of water, scattered and slow, the sand river to the second flood is endless, and the river becomes extremely "5628457. In July of the third year of Longqing, "Hedupei County, since Kaocheng, Yucheng, Cao, Shan, Feng, and Pei arrived in Xu, all of them suffered." The floating fields are innumerable, and more than 2,000 boats are blocked from entering Pizhou 5628458. The second is the collapse of the mechanism of Qingkou to store enemy yellow, "the river overflowed from the Qinghe River to the west of Huai'an City, silted up for more than 30 miles, and the two dams of Dufang and Xin went out to sea, and the water depth of the flat land was long." The embankment of Baoying Lake collapsed". 5628459 the authorities opened the river to discharge floodwaters, which did not treat the symptoms enough. In the autumn of the fourth year of Longqing, the river decided to settle again, "from Caojiakou to the Zhihe of Qi Zhi Ninety li, Xu is Pinglu." 930 ships were transported, more than 400,000 stone of grain, and hundreds of official and civilian ships." In the fifth year of the 5628460 Wanli (1577), it was the town of Cui Town, and the river collapsed and deteriorated, an unprecedented disaster. Faced with the collapse of the river, the Ming people neither resorted to maritime transport nor restored the Han and Tang dynasties to the Yellow River in the middle reach, but chose to continue river transportation. On the one hand, the river channel was overhauled, the river embankment was high, and the double water bundle system of remote and wisp embankments was implemented in some sections of the river. Pan Ji Tao Longqing repaired the Pi River in five years, went all out to cure the root cause, sent 50,000 Dingfu to open the Spoonhead Bay, blocked 11 ports, built 30,000 zhang of embankments, and dredged 80 li of transportation roads, effectively cleaning up the chaos. After that, the river embankment continued to be built, and Shangshu Zhu Heng, the Ministry of Works of Longqing's sixth year, suggested that "370 li of the Xuzhou to Suqian Long Causeway be built, and the Zhifeng and Peida Yellow Causeways should be built." In February, the governor suggested that "the lowest terrain, such as Qingtian in Xuzhou, Lüliang Daqutou set 60 li, and Zhihe to Suqian Xiaohekou 70 li, all of them should build embankments, and the work is the most urgent." From the mouth of the small river to the Taoyuan Qinghe 140 li, it is advisable to build a wisp of water embankment, and the Qinghe grass bay should be plugged, followed by work. Xuzhou to the tea city is forty miles, it is advisable to connect to the small embankment, and the tea city to the border of Cao County." In the sixth year of 5628461 Wanli, Pan Ji came out to control the river, build embankments and build rivers, and the Dazhi River collapsed and ruined the chaos. These works are necessary if the river transport policy is to continue. The inner and remote embankment, the flood season rushes out of the embankment, to the end of the remote embankment to become a strong crossbow, can not break the remote embankment as a harm to the outside of the embankment. This system was gradually practiced by the late Ming people, and practiced by the Qing people. On the other hand, new canals are constantly being opened to compress the water journey of the yellow journey. In the thirty-second year of Wanli (1604), Li Hualong of Zonghe started the Kaiyu Project. By March 33, "260 li across the Mi River, more than 16,000 ships in two years" 5628462. Cao Shiping, who succeeded Li Hualong as the general river, continued to promote the follow-up project of Kaiwei to complete his achievements. In the 34th year of Wanli, the river was picked up from Zhuwang and Jiancheng Jida small pontoon bridges, which were 170 li long, and standardized the waterway of the Yellow River east of Zhaoyang Lake. The above project enabled the boat to cross Qingkou to Pizhou and go north, no longer bypassing the Yellow River west of Pizhou. Qingren Jin Fu continued this line of thought and governed the river. Its surpassing Ming people lies in letting go of the city of Sizhou and the Ming Zuling Tomb to clear the enemy yellow, and on this basis, continue to compress the distance of borrowing yellow. After he changed the Soap River, in view of the fact that from Qingkou to Zhangzhuang Yunkou, borrowing Huang Xingyun for more than 200 li, and the heavy transport boat went north dangerously, and it took two months for the slow one to travel, so he connected Zhangzhuang Yunkou and entered the Pingwang River in Andong from Tao, Qing, Shan, and Anxian counties, and opened the Zhonghe River about 270 li long, so that as soon as the Jiangnan Caoboat came out of Qingkou, that is, the Yellow River was cut off from Zhongjiazhuang into the Middle River into the Soap River to join the Mi River, compressing the water distance of borrowing Huang to transport only 7 li. (4) The Ming and Qing dynasties struggled to maintain river transportation and fight against nature, and on the whole, the incompatibility between the Yellow River and the canal was not worth the loss, and the harm caused by the Yellow River to the filling and silting of the canal and Hongze Lake was slightly shared by people of insight at home and abroad: the Yellow River is also the thief of the canal. If you use one of them, there will be one mile of harm, and avoiding one of them will have one mile of benefits. 5628463 (Li Hualong's "Discussion on Opening the Mi River") The dangerous section of the Grand Canal is in the Yellow River Valley. It will soon disappear here. Its riverbed is easily filled with sediment. Ditches will be broken, routes will be blocked. The entire Grand Canal would be completely abandoned as a result. 5628464 (D. Al Qaeda, "Canal Empire") The Ming and Qing dynasties insisted on river transportation, refused to ship by sea, ignored the sandy and silted water conditions of the Yellow River, stubbornly wanted to continue the water transportation under the condition that the Yellow, Huai, and Yun met at Qingkou, resisted the laws of nature with manpower, and relied on troubled river workers to barely maintain the water balance of the three rivers in Qingkou , and successively made some amazing breakthroughs, able to continue the river transportation to the point where it can no longer continue, its spirit of resistance can be sung and wept, but the price paid is catastrophic, heavy and painful. If the supreme ruler restores shipping at the right time when the river collapses, or allows the shipping channel to connect to the Yellow River in the middle of the river, or develops agricultural production in and northern China to reduce the dependence on river transportation of grain, then it will be the dream of water control. The cost of Ming Ren to govern the river is still low, and the major river work is only hundreds of thousands of taels. In the sixth year of Wanli, the Panji Taozhi River "built more than 60 li of Gaojiayan embankment, more than 40 li of Qui Nhon embankment, more than 70 li east and west of Liupu Bay embankment, 130 points of Sai Cui Town, etc., more than 56,000 zhang of Yaojia embankments on both sides of Xu, Sui, Pi, Su, Tao, and Qing, one dam each for Dang and Feng, more than 140 li of Xu, Pei, Feng, and Dangwi embankments, four stone dams for water reduction in Cui Town, Xu Sheng, Jitai and Sanyi, moved to the south of Ganluo City, and built all the embankments between Huai and Yangji"5628465. In the 11th year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Jin Fu ruled the river for 11 years, and "the total estimated amount of silver before and after the calculation was more than 3.33 million taels of silver, and more than 3.03 million taels of silver should have been used, and more than 2.76 million taels of silver should have been used after the completion of the accounting of the ministers." The cost of 5628466 river access is still low. Later, the cost of river treatment increased wildly. Qianlong: "In the forty-fourth year, Yi sealed the plug of the river and allocated 5.6 million taels of silver. In 47 years, Lanyang broke the blockage of the river, and in addition to the labor materials required by the example, the price was increased to 9,453,000 taels. ...... A large number of large projects are carried out at one time, more than thousands, and a few millions. In Jiaqing, the price was increased to 7.3 million taels. From 10 to 15 years, Nanhe was a case of emergency repair and other projects, with a total of 4,000 silver and 990,000 taels, while Majiagang did not work with the big work. Twenty years of work, the price was increased to more than three million taels. In Daoguang, the East River and the South River were repaired in different cases, and for another project, the East River rate allocated more than 1.5 million taels, and the South River rate allocated more than 2.7 million taels. More than 40 million in more than ten years. (Daoguang) In six years, the Nanhe Wangying was allocated to open the dam and weir and the silver of the embankment, which was 5.17 million taels. Twenty-one years, Donghe Xianggong allocated 5.5 million taels of silver. In 22 years, Nanhe Yanggong allocated 6 million taels. In 23 years, the Donghe Mugong allocated 5.8 million taels, and later added "5628467. Of course, there are factors that the bed of the Yellow River is getting higher and higher, and the Yellow River breaking mouth is becoming more and more difficult to block, but the main reason is that officials are full of corruption. Bao Shichen's "Biography of Guo Jun" revealed that four-fifths to seven-eighths of the river work done by corrupt officials during the Jiaqing period was corrupt by officials. Guo Dachang's river work cost is good and labor-saving, and the old dam worker in the late Qianlong period broke the mouth, and the total river was willing to take out 500,000 taels to let Guo Dachang use 50 days to complete the work, and Guo Dachang only took 100,000 taels or 20 days to complete; The governor of Nanhe was afraid that Guo Dachang would be too much, so he cut off half and handed it over to Guo Dachang to work for work. 'The river governor has a hard time. Jun Yu: 'With 150,000 workers, 150,000 employees together, do you think it is less?' The river governor was stunned. 5628468 He Governor was embarrassed, and then furious, because the less money Guo Dachang used, the greater the proportion of corruption exposed by river workers. In fact, many people of insight in the Ming and Qing dynasties suggested opening Qin Tongwei to restore the sustainable state of cutting across the Yellow River between Tang, Song, Yuluo and Zheng. In the fourth year of Jingtai (1453), Jiang Liangcai wanted to pass through the river to Yuwei, and transported through the south of the river to Hebei, "now guide the river to the guard, winter and spring level, Caozhou to Heyin, and go down the river to Wei." In the summer and autumn, Shuixun still arrived in Beijing from Xu and Peida Linqing in the north." In the seventeenth year of the Shunzhi 5628469 Qing Dynasty (1660), Jiang Tianshu, the minister of the ministry, also mentioned that "the former affairs of Jiang Liangcai wanted to guide the river to guard and increase the road of fortune"5628470, but the ruling group followed the old ways and had no intention of returning to a sustainable state. IV. Shortcomings in Water Control and Water in Ancient China (1) The ruling class at the end of feudal society followed the old ways, so it took a self-style, and the Chinese nation has always yearned for the sea. The people of Beijing's mountaintop cave, Shandong's Dawenkou, and Zhejiang's Hemudu all live on the sea. According to the "Records of History", the Yellow Emperor once went east to the sea, Dayu once entered the sea at Jieshi, and Qin Shi Huang once "and east of Bohai, passed through the yellow and blush, became poor into mountains, climbed the fu, and stood stone to praise Qin Deyan"5628471. It passed through Huang County, Muping and Wendeng in the present-day coastal area of Shandong, and circled into a mountain corner to Qingdao. The Chinese nation has always had a seafaring practice. In the Dayu era, the Yangzhou tribute transport route followed the "Jianghai to Huaisi", that is, the river went north to Huaisi, and retrograde Huaisi entered the Yellow River, transporting tribute to the summer capital on the bank of the Yellow River. According to the "Book of Poetry and Ode to Shang", Shang's ancestor developed to the coast of the Bohai Sea in the late Xia Dynasty, and subjugated the island by force; Modern Yinxu archaeology shows that after the founding of the Shang Dynasty, sea shells and tortoise shells were obtained from the sea. According to the Han accounts recorded in the "Records of History", Qin Shi Huang once sent grain and food to Beihe by Bohai Sea. According to Du Fu's poetry, Sheng Tang once shipped silk and rice from Wuyue to Youyan, and the Yuan Dynasty always insisted on shipping grain as a capital, and always maintained ocean-going foreign trade. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He sailed to the West seven times, creating the world's most navigational record at that time. Tens of thousands of people and hundreds of giant ships formed the largest fleet in the world before World War II, and they traveled between China and the Arab world and the east coast of Africa several times, fully loaded and returned safely. And before that, there was also the practice of shipping hundreds of thousands of stones of grain from Beiping and Liaodong every year. However, in the thirteenth year of Yongle, once the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal could transport three to four million stones per river alone, Chengzu issued an edict to stop shipping and specialize in river transportation, and then announced a ban on the sea. How cowardly this is, so that future generations want to be deterred by means and experience when the river collapses, or they are only worthy of sticking to the river transport. Longqing and Wanli's turn, "Wang Zongmu Governor, please go by sea." The edict ordered 120,000 stones to be transported from Huai into the sea." Because of "seven ships of bad grain transported on Jimo Fushan Island, thousands of stones of floating rice, and fifteen drowning soldiers", he was "given affairs and handed over to the imperial history to judge their loss", and was 5628472 by the supreme ruler. On the surface, it seems that the rulers are very concerned about the loss of people and grain, but the river transportation of grain will also cause people to lose grain, because the insistence on river transportation distorting the nature of the river caused by the drowning of the Yellow River can often be tens of thousands, 100,000, and millions, because of the river disaster, grain production is reduced or even harvested in millions of stones, tens of millions of stones, and the two inputs of large industrial and financial banks to control the river are often tens of thousands, 100,000 taels, and million taels. Moreover, the loss of human food by Wang Zongmu's test of shipping was smaller than that of the Yuanren pirates' first test of shipping. Wang Zongmu did not have the courage to find pirates to participate in the trial operation, and he was no longer as good as the Yuan people, and the Ming court stopped the trial shipping because of a small loss, and his enterprising spirit was even weaker, and his enterprising spirit was seriously degraded. The Qing people had ready-made shipping resources and experience and were reluctant to ship grain by sea. During the Kangxi Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty shipped grain from the coast to help eastern Liaoning and northern Mobei, and the entire Kang Qian dynasty officially insisted on shipping grain along the coast for disaster relief or stabilizing grain prices; Jiangsu and Zhejiang people have long had sand ships to Liaodong to transport beans back to Jiangnan, cultivating strong shipping strength and technical experience. With such a maritime foundation, not only did Kang Qianshi encounter a river collapse, no one decided to use sea transportation, but when the river was transported to the point of exhaustion, Daoguang Six Years Qishan and Tao Shu and other feudal officials shipped 1.8 million stone of Jiangsu grain to Tianjin, and such a perfect shipping action did not make Emperor Xuanzong of Qing ecstatic at all. When the minister Shangshu Daoguang returned to shipping in seven years, Emperor Xuanzong of Qing took the hope of river transportation to resume, and categorically issued an edict to stop shipping and resume river transportation, and followed the old ways to the point of making Ling Zhi faint. (2) The experience of river management and transportation has not been fully inherited, and the technology of river control has been cut off from the Tang and Song Canal to the Yellow River in the middle reaches of the riverbank, but the Yuan, Ming, and Qing did not understand the necessity of doing so, but insisted on connecting the Yellow River downstream to Huai'an; Although the Yuanren Transport Road was connected to Huanghuai and Huai'an, they insisted on overturning the dam and entering Huanghuai, and the Ming and Qing dynasties did not understand the necessity of doing so, so they had to pass through the four locks and enter Huanghuai; In the Yuan Dynasty, the sea transportation of grain was mainly carried by river, supplemented by river transportation, and the Ming and Qing dynasties did not understand the rationality and necessity of doing so, so they had to transport all grain by river and refused to transport it by sea. The successful experience of the previous generation is not followed by future generations, but the descendants do the opposite, and fall into the unsustainable misunderstanding in pursuit of the so-called safe and efficient transportation, which is the biggest and most obvious regret of water control and transportation in ancient China. In addition, there are two other regrets. First, the most successful experience of the previous generation in river management and water management has not been thoroughly eaten by future generations and re-created examples; On the contrary, future generations have greatly admired the large, empty talk of river management that has not been put into practice. The success of the two Hanzhi Rivers is no more than the Wang Jingzhi River, and its successful experience is to choose the most profitable route for it to enter the sea according to the law of diversion of the Yellow River, and stabilize it there with a large embankment, so that it flows into the sea in parallel; The second is to recognize the incompatibility between the Yellow River and the canal, build its embankment and resolutely separate the Bianqu from the Yellow River, and minimize the influence of the canal by the Yellow River; The third is to use the technology of standing a water gate in ten miles to make the yellow water more reciprocal to dissolve the flood peak of the Yellow River during the flood season. Although several scholars have praised Wang Jingzhi River in academic works for thousands of years, few of the river governors who are responsible for river management have devoted themselves to studying the essence of its success, let alone replicating its success under new water conditions. The Northern Song Dynasty was an eventful autumn for the Yellow River, with frequent diversions and more frequent decisions, and it was just right to carry forward Wang Jingzhihe's spirit of seeking truth from facts and daring to innovate, but the civil servants were happy to talk about the management of the river by Jingyi, and used Dayu to control the water and the Western Han Jia to control the river with three strategies to set the Northern Song River situation. For example, when Chen Shunyu was crossed, Shang Hu was determined and difficult to block, and the river could not be saved, he wrote "Say River" to try to deduce the conclusion of river management from the scriptures, "Mencius said: Yu's journey to the water is also in the earth." The wise do what they do, and they are evil to the wise. Confucius works, the law of Yu endures; Meng's out, Yu's law Yiming. Alack! Those who do not rule by the law of Yu will also be dismissed by their nature." Even he felt that when he said this about the space cave, the end of the text hugged the feet of the Buddha on the river of Western Han Jia and suggested that the emperor "let the people be relaxed, and the good plan of the world is also the good plan of the world"5628473. This is tantamount to saying that if you don't cure it, you will cure it, and wherever the water flows, you will move the common people away. It's really pedantic. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, faced with river collapse and decay many times, neither could it abandon the river from the sea, nor did he want to restore the Sui-Tang Transportation Road to connect to the Yellow River in the middle reach, nor could it be separated from the 500-li journey of Huang Xing, in this case, only by building a dike to bundle Huang through Qingkou would Huai enter the sea. However, at that time, most of the river ministers took Jia Rang's three strategies for managing the river as a guideline, thinking that the river division was weak, and if it was weak, it was not easy to reverse the mouth and the mouth of the lake. As everyone knows, the river divides and flows slowly, and the sand stops, which will accelerate the elevation of the riverbed and accelerate the collapse of the water transport mechanism of the intersection of the three rivers. Second, the loss of specific river engineering and water conservancy technology is also very sad. The reopening technology of the Northern Song Dynasty, in the canal with a large drop in water level, build two single locks at a distance of ten or dozens of zhang, open the upper lock to enter the ship, close the lock and open the lower lock to exit the ship, which can effectively save water sources. However, after a hundred years in the Yuan Dynasty, most of the grain was transported by sea, and no one paid attention to the canal water conservancy facilities, and the technology of resuming the gate had been lost in the early Ming Dynasty. The dozens of gates built by Song Li and Chen Xuan in Huitong River and the four gates built by Puhe in Qingjiang were all single gates, and they were not rebuilt until the end of the Qing Dynasty. Please see what the texts contain: Outside the west gate of Huai'an to the mouth of the river sixty miles, the canal is high, and the boat travels on the ground. In the past, the river bank is now the bottom of the water, and the sluice is turbulent, and the grain transport is not seven or eight hundred people can not hold the people who cross the gate. 5628474 (Pan Jiyu, "Check the Old Rules and Looseness") Qingjiang Putianfei Gate to enter the Yellow River... Heavy transport for export, often seven or eight hundred or to a thousand people, each ship is noisy, and the poor force of the export is only twenty or thirty, and the turbid flow rushes until under the city of Gaobao, and the river is yellow. Residents are drinking from the water. 5628475 (Jin Fu, "Nanyunkou") If it is a restoration, when the boat enters and leaves the Yellow River, the lower plate of the lock surface of the Yellow River is not closed, and the water level of the Yellow River cannot flow directly for a long time. The interruption and loss of technology is shocking and shocking. Qing Dynasty literary works have graphic and emotional descriptions: the Yellow River flows angrily on the axis, and ten boats and nine boats overturn. The Linji Gate is a boat, and the water is urgent and the stones touch. The boat is like ascending to heaven, and the boat is unable to move forward. The wizard jumps called the word of God, and the boatmen dare to lose money. 5628476 (Shi Minzhang's "Tianfei Gate Song is the First of the Gates in Qinghe County") The Yellow River is like a mountain carrying sand, and the Qinghuai snow waves roar with thunder. The wind and rain fight the two dragons in the daytime, and the sound of the waves clears the estuary in May. Small boats flutter like birds, and big ships are like mountains. If the crow tail car takes over the axle, the northerners laugh and the southerners cry. Suddenly, it was like a broken bamboo, and the corn flowed fat to the belly of the fish. ...... The wind and rain suddenly turned into darkness, and the bow of the ship could not be cracked, and the stern of the ship could not be retreated. Thousands of people tried their best to bleed, and the heart was cut off with a song. 5628477 (Wu Yixian's "Watching the Yellow and Huai Convergence of Grain Ships Racing and Feeling") From the early Qing Dynasty to the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the boats entered the river from the Huaiyang Canal, and it was difficult for the wids to pull the same way, it can be seen that Tianfei approached the Yellow River with a single lock, and most of the time there was no lock behind the lock. Chen Xuan built a gate a few miles apart, and he did not insist well when he entered Huai after four gates. In short, since the pre-Qin Dynasty, ancient Chinese water control and transportation, constantly seeking dreams and building dreams, dreams come true, and generally sustainable, to the Yuan Dynasty river and sea transportation and reached the pinnacle. China's ancient civilization of water management and transportation was a microcosm of China's economic and technological leadership in the world at that time. After Zheng He made seven trips to the West in the Ming Dynasty, and after achieving safe and efficient river transportation during the Yongle period, he gave up shipping to specialize in river transportation, indicating that the feudal rulers lost their enterprising spirit, fell into the abandonment of sustainable traditions, fell into the quagmire of connecting the Yellow River downstream, and stuck to the river transportation under the intersection of the three rivers, which was a turning point in ancient China when water control and transportation could not be sustainable to unsustainable, and the dream of constantly fulfilling dreams according to the law was gradually decaying according to the old ways. Although the Ming and Qing dynasties also exerted the technology of maintaining the balance of the water potential of the Yellow, Huai and Yun rivers to the extreme in the bitter struggle with the Yellow River, they have certain spiritual values for building dreams. However, on the whole, its grain and river transportation is prosperous and declining, and cannot be revived, which to a large extent reflects the inevitability of the decline of feudal society and helps to interpret the social reasons for the defeat of the Opium War.（AI翻译）