本书采用描述分析的方法对中国（大陆）翻译市场60年（1949—2009）的发展变化进行了初步研究。整个翻译市场被分为计划经济时期的翻译市场（1949—1977）、经济转型时期的翻译市场（1978—1992）和市场经济时期的翻译市场（1993—2009）。中国翻译市场发展的总体趋势是翻译服务从计划走向自由竞争。

计划经济时期的翻译市场是一个封闭型市场。在这个时期，翻译市场不对社会开放，国家是唯一的翻译服务对象；国家之外的个人或组织在当时几乎不需要翻译服务，偶尔产生的翻译服务需求由国家指定的机构完成。经济转型时期的翻译市场逐渐由无差别的市场向有差别的市场过渡，即计划经济时期同质的公益性翻译市场逐渐转向经济转型时期公益性翻译与商业化翻译并存的异质市场。引起这一时期市场性质变化的关键因素是以社会为依托、服务面向全社会的翻译公司的出现。翻译公司的出现改变了计划经济时期国家作为所有译者“赞助人”的状况。市场经济时期的翻译市场保持了经济转型时期市场的异质特征，但是在市场经济时期的翻译市场中公益性翻译市场板块所占比重逐渐缩小，而商业化翻译市场板块的比重不断扩大。商业化翻译取代公益性翻译成为市场的主导服务方式。公益性翻译市场的缩小并非政府公共翻译服务需求减少，相反，这一市场板块的需求正在迅速扩大。但是，越来越多的政府机构倾向于将翻译业务外包给翻译公司、本地化公司以及自由译者，而不像计划经济时期那样全部由本单位的专兼职译者承担。

比较计划经济、经济转型和市场经济时期的翻译市场，从翻译策略看，整体上由归化转向异化；从翻译服务实体看，过去单一的政府和企事业单位内部的语言翻译部门逐渐演变成现在公共翻译机构、翻译公司、本地化公司等并存的局面；从价值规律作用看，公益性翻译极大地削弱了价值规律对市场供求关系和价格的调节作用，而商业化翻译使价值规律对翻译成本、价格、利润等的作用回归本位，翻译服务的市场机制逐渐完善；从翻译服务规范看，在公益性翻译服务的语境下，个别部门可能有翻译工作的规章制度，但整个行业未建立行规行约，而商业化翻译市场的发展壮大使翻译服务经营企业自觉地联合起来，建立本行业的各种规范和标准，并在行业协会和国家有关部门的组织和领导下，发布了对整个行业具有指导作用的翻译服务国家标准；从业务流程看，公益性翻译服务中除了个别重大翻译项目（如“毛著”翻译）外，一般并无明晰的翻译业务流程的管理和监控，翻译工作由译者单独或分工完成，而在商业化翻译服务中，业务流程比较严密，每一个环节都有专人负责，翻译服务产品的生产类似流水线生产。从译者角度看，计划经济时期的专兼职译者都是国家机关、政府部门、国有和集体企事业单位的工作人员，一切服从国家分配和安排，翻译工作在部门内部、跨部门或多部门合作中完成；经济转型时期和市场经济时期开始出现越来越多的不依附于国家的专兼职译者，他们要么是受雇于自己的自由译者，要么是受雇于翻译公司、本地化公司等私营企业的专兼职译者，在经济上相对独立或具有较大的自主权，与客户、翻译公司通常是一种建立在契约之上的合作关系。从客户看，公益性翻译服务的客户比较特殊，本质上体现为国家和政府，客户的意志凌驾于译者之上，客户与译者之间是一种不对称、不平衡的关系；在商业化翻译语境中，客户表现为有翻译服务需求的个人、企业、组织或政府有关部门，客户、翻译公司、译者之间是一种平等的契约关系，其经济关系完全服从于价值规律。从译者态度和动机看，公益性翻译服务中的译者不以追求经济利益为最终目的，而是将为人民服务、为革命事业献身作为自己神圣的使命；商业化翻译服务中的译者则以追求经济利益为最终目的。从服务内容看，计划经济时期的翻译服务比较单一，主要表现为专兼职译者向国家提供口笔译服务；市场经济时期，翻译服务内容发生了巨大变化，传统的口笔译服务发展成为多元化的语言服务。本地化服务、翻译工具研发与生产、语言翻译培训、多语咨询服务等成为翻译服务的新生内容。翻译服务上升成为语言服务产业。

中国翻译市场由封闭型向开放型转变是由国家方针政策，国家对翻译工作的干预，社会文化规范及行业规范的变迁，译者动机的变化以及信息化、全球化、本地化等诸多内外因素的合力作用促成的。从翻译市场的发展趋势看，网络信息技术的发展使翻译服务更加便利、效率提高，经济全球化和互联网内容的增长使翻译服务需求日益增多，翻译市场规模不断扩大。

This book uses the method of descriptive analysis to conduct a preliminary study on the development and changes of the translation market in China (mainland) in the past 60 years (1949-2009). The entire translation market is divided into the translation market during the planned economy period (1949-1977), the translation market in the economic transition period (1978-1992) and the translation market in the market economy period (1993-2009). The general trend in the development of the Chinese translation market is that translation services move from planning to free competition. The translation market during the planned economy was a closed market. During this period, the translation market was not open to the society, and the state was the only translation service object; Individuals or organizations outside the country needed translation services at that time, and occasional requests for translation services were fulfilled by state-designated institutions. The translation market in the period of economic transition gradually transitioned from an undifferentiated market to a differentiated market, that is, the homogeneous public welfare translation market in the planned economy period gradually shifted to a heterogeneous market in which public welfare translation and commercial translation coexisted during the economic transition period. The key factor that caused the change in the nature of the market during this period was the emergence of translation companies that relied on society and served the whole society. The emergence of translation companies changed the state as the "patron" of all translators during the planned economy. The translation market in the period of market economy maintained the heterogeneous characteristics of the market during the period of economic transition, but the proportion of the public welfare translation market in the translation market during the market economy period gradually shrank, while the proportion of the commercial translation market segment continued to expand. Commercial translation has replaced public translation as the dominant service in the market. The shrinking market for public translation is not a decrease in the demand for government public translation services, on the contrary, the demand for this market segment is expanding rapidly. However, more and more government agencies tend to outsource translation services to translation companies, localization companies and freelance translators, rather than all full-time and part-time translators in their own units as in the planned economy period. Comparing the translation market in the period of planned economy, economic transformation and market economy, from the perspective of translation strategy, the overall shift from naturalization to alienation; From the perspective of translation service entities, the language translation department within the government and enterprises and institutions in the past has gradually evolved into the current situation where public translation agencies, translation companies, and localization companies coexist. From the perspective of the role of the law of value, public welfare translation greatly weakens the regulating effect of the law of value on market supply and demand and price, while commercial translation returns the role of the law of value on translation cost, price, profit, etc., and the market mechanism of translation services is gradually improved. From the perspective of translation service specifications, in the context of public welfare translation services, individual departments may have rules and regulations for translation work, but the entire industry has not established industry rules and regulations, and the development and growth of the commercial translation market has made translation service operators consciously unite to establish various norms and standards in the industry, and under the organization and leadership of industry associations and relevant national departments, issued national standards for translation services that have a guiding role for the entire industry; From the perspective of business process, in public welfare translation services, except for a few major translation projects (such as "Mao Shu" translation), there is generally no clear management and monitoring of translation business processes, and the translation work is completed by the translator alone or in a division of labor, while in commercial translation services, the business process is relatively strict, each link has a special person responsible, and the production of translation service products is similar to assembly line production. From the translator's point of view, the full-time and part-time translators in the planned economy period are all staff of state organs, government departments, state-owned and collective enterprises and institutions, all subject to the allocation and arrangement of the state, and the translation work is completed in intra-departmental, cross-departmental or multi-department cooperation; During the period of economic transition and market economy, more and more full-time and part-time translators who are not dependent on the state have begun to appear, they are either freelance translators employed by themselves, or full-time and part-time translators employed by private enterprises such as translation companies and localization companies, and are relatively independent or have greater autonomy in the economy. From the perspective of customers, the customers of public welfare translation services are more special, which is essentially reflected in the state and government, the will of customers is above the translator, and the relationship between the customer and the translator is an asymmetric and unbalanced relationship; In the context of commercial translation, customers are represented as individuals, enterprises, organizations or relevant government departments with translation service needs, and there is an equal contractual relationship between customers, translation companies and translators, and their economic relations are completely subject to the law of value. From the perspective of translators' attitudes and motives, translators in public welfare translation services do not pursue economic interests as their ultimate goal, but take serving the people and dedicating themselves to the revolutionary cause as their sacred mission. Translators in commercial translation services have the ultimate goal of pursuing financial gain. From the perspective of service content, translation services in the planned economy period were relatively single, mainly manifested in full-time and part-time translators providing interpretation and translation services to the state; During the market economy period, the content of translation services has undergone great changes, and traditional interpretation and translation services have developed into diversified language services. Localization services, translation tool development and production, language translation training, multilingual consulting services, etc. have become the new content of translation services. Translation services rose to become a language services industry. The transformation of China's translation market from closed to open is caused by the combined effect of national guidelines and policies, state intervention in translation work, changes in social and cultural norms and industry norms, changes in translators' motivations, and many internal and external factors such as informatization, globalization, and localization. From the perspective of the development trend of the translation market, the development of network information technology has made translation services more convenient and efficient, economic globalization and the growth of Internet content have increased the demand for translation services, and the scale of the translation market has continued to expand.（AI翻译）