分离运动是当今世界持续时间较长、影响范围较广的政治与社会运动。要真正理解分离运动的概念需要从源头上着手，将分离主义视为次民族主义（族群主义），将分离运动视为民族主义运动的变种和民族国家建设的副产品。理解了这一前提，分离运动可以被定义为聚居于固有领土基础上的少数族群（极个别情况下是主体族群）从民族国家退出以建立新的主权国家的政治与社会运动。正是在这个意义上可以认为，分离运动是民族国家建设尚未完成的表现。由于分离运动是否出现取决于国内政治，取决于国内群体间的关系，因而，本书只关注引发分离冲突的国内政治安排与精英行为。

本书从过程论分析、探寻分离运动的产生机制、发展脉络和治理逻辑。分离运动的产生是国内断裂型制度安排与族群政治组织化相结合的结果。当分离族群与主体族群之间在权力获取、利益共享与权利机会三个维度同时存在矛盾，或者任意一项或两项存在矛盾，且难以在现有政治框架内解决时，如果少数族群能够有效地组织起分离活动家领导的族群政党（准政党、类政党）并能够持续地获取资源和凝聚族群，建构少数族群的政治认同，这样就会引起族群怨恨、不满，宣扬内部殖民，组织起武装叛乱、独立公投等，导致分离运动的发生。国家制度安排决定分离运动的方式，通常有暴力与和平两种形式。对于上述机制，重要的是如何测量断裂型制度与族群政治组织化。从代表性、分配性、发展权三个问题归纳出权力获取、利益共享、权利机会三个维度，考察制度的弥合与断裂情况。对族群而言，政治组织化最为重要的表现形式是族群政党（准政党、类政党），族群政党本身就是离心型的，能够为分离运动提供平台、筹募资源、建构认同、协调行动。运用比较历史分析的方法，本书在国家规模、区域地理、宗教信仰、经济发展、政治体制、人口基数、族群语言、成败与否、方式如何等最大相异的基础上探求相同的形成机制，选择了亚齐（印度尼西亚）、魁北克（加拿大）、南苏丹（苏丹）三个正面案例和作为负面案例的瑞士。正反案例的研究证实了相关假设。民族工程学为分离运动治理提供了解决思路。民族工程学要解决的问题包括两大类：一是如何构建弥合型制度，解决权力获取（代表性）、利益共享（分配性）、权利机会平等（发展权）问题；二是如何在各族群领导人之间提供政治激励，在宪法框架下构建政治竞争与政治合作的可能与机会。

政治事件的发生是多种作用的结果，只是说，其中的某些机制和因素发挥了更大的影响。因而，这并不是一个必然性的判断，而是说，断裂型制度与高度的政治组织化有可能导致分离运动。

关键词：分离运动；民族工程学；民族国家；断裂型制度；族群政党

Abstract

The secession movement is a political and social movement that lasts a long time and produces widespread influence in today's world.To truly understand the concept of secession movement,we need to get back to its source.Secessionism can be regarded as the sub-nationalism（ethnic nationalism）and secession movement is the variant of nationalist movement.The secession movement can be seen as the by product of nation-states.Having understood the background,this article defines secession movement as a political and social movement that minority ethnic groups who live on inherent territories（majority ethnic group in rare cases）withdraw from the existing nation-state to establish their own new sovereign state.It is in this sense that secession movement is an unfinished manifestation of nationstate building.Secession movement depends on domestic politics and the relationship between domestic groups,so this book only focuses on the domestic political arrangements and elites' behavior.

From the perspective of process theory analysis of secession movement,this book reveals the generation mechanism,development venation and governance logic of the movement.It can be found that the emergence of secession movement is the result of the combination of fractured institutional arrangement and ethnic political organization.When the secession group and the mainstream group have contradiction in any dimensions of power access,interest sharing and right-opportunity,and it's hard to solve within the framework of the existing political structure,ethnic hatred and resentment will be caused,internal colonialism will be promoted,armed rebellion and independence referendum will be organized,which leading to secession movement if minority ethnic group can effectively organize ethnic parties（quasi-party,similar party）leaded by secessionists,continue to acquire resources and agglomerate ethnic groups,and construct the political identity of ethnic minorities.State institutional arrangements determine the ways of secession movement.There are two normal forms,violence and peace.For these mechanisms,what matters is to measure the fractured institution and the political organization of ethnic parties.In order to investigate the situation of bridging or fractured institution,this book generalizes three dimensions of power access,interest sharing and right-opportunity from the three aspects of representativeness,distribution and development rights.For ethnic groups,the most important form of political organization is ethnic party（quasi-party,similar party）and in itself it is centrifugal.As to secession movement,the significance of organization construction lies in providing the platform,raising resources,constructing identification,coordinating action,etc..Using comparative historical analysis,by means of the Method of Agreement,it explored on the basis of the biggest differences in the size of the state,regional geography,religion,economic development,political system,population,ethnic languages,success or failure,different ways and so on to find the same generation mechanism.Aceh（Indonesia）,Quebec（Canada）,and South Sudan（Sudan）as positive cases and Switzerland as a negative case were selected.The study of positive and negative cases confirms the hypothesis proposed in this book.This book comes up with a solution of national engineering.The national engineering needs to solve two problems:one is how to build the bridging institution to solve the power access,interest sharing,right-opportunity;the other is how to provide political incentives among the leaders of differ ent ethnic groups so as to construct the possibility and opportunity of political competition and political cooperation under the constitution.

The occurrence of any political event is the result of various functions,but only some of them play a more influential role.This book is not a judgment of contingency,but a judgment of possibility,which means there would be a secession movement if there exists fractured institution and a high degree of organized political organization.

Key Words: Secession Movement; National Engineering; Nationstate;Fractured Institution;Ethnic Party