作为中国文学史上最引人入胜的研究对象之一，苏轼已经得到了较为全面的考察，而若从深入细致揭示作者面貌及其人生体验的角度而言，则仍存在较大的研讨空间。事实上，无论是在文学作品中留存大量关于自我的信息，还是在人生实践的各个方面展现出自主选择、理性内省的主体精神，苏轼都以强烈的积极性与自觉性彰显着自身价值，从而提示读者关注作者的“自我认识”这一既往研究中较少涉及的角度。透过作者反观自我的视角，分析其文学文本中记录的个人体验，不仅能有效探知他在具体境遇中的真切感受，更能提供一种有别于纯粹客观评判的理解苏轼的方式，即通过呈现苏轼眼中的自我以及自身与周遭事物的关系，尽可能走近其冷暖自知的人生。

从文本现象上看，苏轼“自我”在其作品中的“层出不穷”引人注目。他以大量第一人称宣示自己的在场，并以自身作为评判与剖析的对象。“东坡”“苏子”等第三人称形式的自称，一面共同制造了客位视角，一面带着其各自的诞生语境介入诗意的表达。苏轼亦善用自喻揭示自我认识，通过不同性质的喻体形象地呈现品格与心境，并借助动态之喻阐释人生样态。自嘲与自许作为看似迥异却内在相关的两种现象，不仅展现了苏轼自信昂扬、天真幽默的形象，亦微妙地传达出轻快戏谑背后的自我定位与人生重量。

除过文本中形式多样的自我表达，苏轼的人生实践也能够体现其主体意识与自我体认。作为苏轼毕生的事业与困扰，仕宦在各种人生境遇中考验着他坚持自我的努力。苏轼以功成身退为人生设计，却在仕宦实践中进退两难，这导致了一系列主体选择与实际境遇的龃龉：居官时的愤激之语与务实之举、贬谪时的不在其位却谋其政、还朝时的位高权重与兴味索然，共同汇聚为不合于时的仕宦体验。在“逆人”与“逆己”的冲突中，苏轼力图尊重自我，亦自知宦途蹭蹬成为持守本心的代价。

仕宦生涯也影响到苏轼对社会关系的感知。在跌宕坎坷的人生中，亲情不仅是珍贵的慰藉，也带来精神的牵绊与现实的负累。苏轼泛爱天下，友朋众多，然而“亲友疏绝”成为他在政治祸患中孤苦体验的重要来源。同僚、政敌则是糅合着政治因素的人际关系，苏轼自认“不喜应接人事”，而其锋芒毕露的言行加剧了“取疾于人”的状况，也在一定程度上促成了他的自省。苏轼笔下的普通民众则多亲切友好，作者有意识地“混迹”民间，向平凡生活中寻求本质的复归。然而在某种意义上，这同样可视为“与世疏离”的图景中较为含蓄的一笔。

相对于人世，苏轼在自然中倍感自由，备受关爱。广大而不朽的自然虽难免反衬出人生的渺小与有限，却被苏轼解读出另一层恒久陪伴的长情。他在面对自然物时常常展露童稚化的观照视角，将自己作为参与者与之天真互动。同时，自我认识也在无形中渗入了苏轼的自然观照，使他往往从自然现象中生发对个人境遇的反思。面对时空变迁，苏轼通过回望串联起人生的重要节点，借助悬想来弥补现状的缺憾。此外，苏轼还常以操纵命运的造物为对象，展开力量的角逐。他着意彰显自我存在的意义，而并非一味自居于渺小的位置。

苏轼主体性的思考往往维护了自我的内心安宁。他通过调整对“归处”的理解，帮助自己超越不得归去的现实；在回望与悬想中领悟如梦之感，形成关于人生的通透认知；向凡俗生活中寻求“至乐”，肯定着最为朴素、自己却无缘达成的人生追求的价值。这些植根于现实生活、充溢着个人体验的思想命题，不惟体现了苏轼的主体性与思维能力，也展示了生活实践对思考生成的启迪意义。

关键词：苏轼；自我认识；仕宦；社会关系；自然观照

Abstract

As one of the most fascinating research object in the Chinese literary history,Su Shi has obtained a comprehensive study.However,there is still a great room for discussion from the perspective of revealing the author's personal aspects and his life experience.In fact,both by retaining a large of information about himself in literary works and showing the subjective spirit in all aspects of practice,Su Shi manifest the value of himself with much enthusiasm and self-consciousness.His behaviors attract readers to pay attention to the author's“self-knowledge”,which is less involved in the previous studies.Through the author's perspective,analyzing the records of personal experience in literary texts can not only ascertain his feelings in the specific circumstances,but also provide a way different from the purely objective evaluation to understand Su Shi,which is show himself and the relationship between him and relevant things in his own eyes.By this way,we can approach a real existed life as far as possible.

Su Shi appears in his works constantly is noticeable phenomenon.The author uses a large number of first person to declare his presence,and puts himself as an object of judge or analysis.Meanwhile,the third person such as“Dong Po”“Su zi”show the objective perspective,and involve in the poetic expression with their own birth context.Su Shi also makes good use of self-metaphor to reveal self-knowledge.He describes his own character by selecting the different kinds of metaphori cal objects,and explains his life pattern with the dynamic metaphor.Self-mockery and self-compliment seem like different but inherently relate to each other,which not only show confident and humorous image of Su Shi,but also convey the self-positioning and the weight of life behind the joking tone.

In addition to the various forms of self-expression in the text,Su Shi's life practice can also reflect his subjective consciousness and self-recognition.As the most important cause and the biggest trouble,official career is a test of Su Shi's efforts to adhere to himself.He make a decision to retire after winning merit,but the fact is a dilemma which lead to a series of contradictions between subject selection and the actual situation.For example,the angry words and pragmatic measures exist at the same official time,and he still participate in politi cal affairs even in relegation life,while his lack of interest in official career appears when he holds office at court again.The above-mentioned facts make him the misfits,so that he has to choose between“against his own will”or“contrary to other people”.Su Shi try to respect himself,but also clearly recognize that the tough experience become the cost of standing up for his beliefs.

The official career also affects Su Shi's perception of social relations.For the life full of tribulations,the family is not only a precious solace,but also brings the burden of spirit and the reality.Although Su Shi has many friends,the feeling of being alienated from friends and relatives makes him lonely in the politi cal disaster.The relationship with colleagues and politi cal opponents concern the politi cal factors.Su Shi is not very interested in social contact and and sometimes disregards his words and deeds,which make him be hated by many other officials,and also to a certain extent contribute to his reflection.In Su Shi's literary writing,ordinary people are more friendly.The author consciously mingles with the crowd and regains his nature in the ordinary life.However,in a sense,it can also be regarded as a subtle way to alienate from the world.

Relative to the society,nature proves much more freedom and care.Although vast,immortal nature serves as a foil to the small and limited life,it is interpreted by Su Shi as a long-term companion.He interacts with natural objects innocently,treats them with a childlike sense and places himself in the role of the participant.At the same time,self-knowledge also influence the natural view of Su Shi,so that he often thinks about himself from some natural phenomena.Facing the change of life,Su Shi notes the important memory by looking back and makes up for regrets by imagining the future.In addition,Su Shi is used to compete with creator（Zao Wu）for emphasizing the meaning of self-existence,rather than living in an insignificant position.

The subjective thinking of Su Shi always immerses himself into inner peace.Adjusting the understanding of“destination”helps Su Shi beyond the reality that he cannot break away from official career.Looking back and imagining future bring a feel of dream,which reveals the essence of life.Looking for the greatest happiness in ordinary life shows his approval to the simple value pursuit.These thoughts are rooted in real life and filled with personal experience,which not only reflect Su Shi's subjectivity and thinking ability,but also show the enlightenment that life practice give to thinking generation.

Key Words:Su Shi; self-knowledge; official career; social relations; natural view