民国时期是西安城市由传统向近代转型的重要阶段，道路作为城市重要的基础设施之一，其发展演变是城市变革的先导。基于此种认识，为深入理解民国时期西安城市近代转型的过程，本书运用历史地理学及相关学科的理论方法，以民国西安城市道路系统演变为切入点，从三个层面展开论述。

第一层面即复原民国西安城市道路体系的演进过程。

民国西安城市道路系统的演进先后有三个发展阶段。第一阶段为中华民国成立至1930年西安市政工程处成立，该阶段西安城区道路演变最主要的成就是东大街的恢复，改变了城市道路交通格局，以及冯玉祥主政陕西时期对于新市区道路的初步规划和建设奠定了日后东北城区发展的基础。第二阶段自1931年至1938年，民国西安城市碎石马路道路体系绝大部分在该时段修筑完成，作为城市主干道路最重要的构成部分，碎石马路道路体系改变了西安城市干道空间格局，使城市道路演变具有明显的外向型发展特征。第三阶段自1938年至1949年，该时段西安城区道路演进的主要内容是修筑煤渣路、平治土路和养护已有道路等。煤渣路作为碎石马路道路体系的重要补充，与碎石马路一起构成民国西安城市道路体系的主体。

道路不仅仅包括作为主体的各类路面通道，也包含相应的配套设施。在这些配套设施中，城区道路排水设施、路灯、行道树与公共厕所等，与道路路面一道构建起路上、路面、路下一个有机结合的综合立体空间结构。

第二层面即分析道路系统演变与市政管理变革的关系。

随着以城市道路体系建设为代表的市政建设的不断推进，民国西安市政建设和管理职能逐渐独立并纳入近代管理机制中，形成了专业化、独立化的市政管理机构。与之相关的职能部门和管理的规章制度不断完善，实现了对道路建设前、中、后三个时段的有效管理。道路养护制度作为管理制度建设的另一个方面，在民国后期成为当局城市道路管理的主要内容。

第三个层面即探察道路利用过程中路、车、人之间的冲突和管理。

由于民国特殊的经济社会条件和时代背景，围绕道路的利用，以铁轮大车为代表的传统车辆对道路使用和道路养护之间产生了矛盾；新式人力车和公共汽车为争夺公共交通运营空间产生了利益冲突；基于道路扩展，产生了人力车夫群体的城市治理问题等。西安城市治理当局通过对上述问题的解决，一方面构建起现代交通秩序，另一方面也在一定程度上实现了城市治理的近代转型。

关键词：民国；西安；道路；近代化；城市转型

Abstract

The period of theRepublic of China is an important stage for Xi'an city to transform from tradition to modern times.The road is one of the most important infrastructure in a city,whose development is always the guide of city revolution.In order to have a thorough understanding of this process,this essay choose the evolution process as a starting point and uses theoreti cal method of histori cal geography and other related subjects.This paper analyzes the relationship between the evolution of road system and the reform of municipal management,probes into the conflict among roads,vehicles and people in the process of road utilization,and discusses the transformation of urban governance embodied in management.

The first level is to restore the evolution process of the urban road system in Xi'an in the Republic of China.

The evolution of urban road system in Xi'an has three stages.The first stage was from the establishment of the Republic of China to the establishment of the Xi'an Municipal Engineering Agency in 1930.At this stage,the major achievement of the urban road evolution in Xi'an was the restoration of Dongda Road,which changed the urban road traffic pattern,and the preliminary planning and construction of the new urban road in Shanxi under the administration of FengYuxiang,laying the foundation for the future development of the northeast urban area.In the second stage,from 1931 to 1938,most of the road system of crushed stone in Xi'an in the Re public of China were completed in this period.As the most important component of the main urban roads,the crushed stone road system changed the spatial pattern of the main urban roads in Xi'an,making the evolution of the urban roads have obvious outward development characteristics.In the third stage,from 1938 to the eve of the liberation of Xi'an in 1949,the main contents of road evolution in Xi'an during this period were the construction of cinder roads,leveling of soil roads and maintaining of existing roads.Cinder road,as an important supplement to the gravel road system,formed the main body of the urban road system in the Republic of China.

The road not only includes all kinds of pavement channels as the main body,but also contains corresponding supporting facilities.Among these supporting facilities,urban road drainage facilities,street lamps,street trees and public toilets,etc.,together with the road surface,construct an organic combination of road under the comprehensive three-dimensional space structure.

The second level is to analyze the relationship between the evolution of road system and the change of municipal management.

With the advancement of the municipal construction of Xi'an represented by urban road system construction,Xi'an municipal construction and the management function of the Republic of China gradually gained independence and were included into the modern management mechanism,forming specialized and independent municipal administration.Relevant functional departments and management rules and regulations had been constantly improved to achieve the effective management of the three periods before,during and after road construction.As another aspect of management system construction,road maintenance system became the main content of urban road management in the later period of the Republic of China.

The third level is to explore the conflict and management among roads,vehicles and people in the process of road utilization.

Due to the special conditions and economic and social background of the Republic of China,there were many conflicts around the road use,such as the conflicts between traditional vehicles represented by iron-wheel carts for road use and road maintenance,the interests conflicts between new rickshaw and buses for competing for public transport operation space,and urban governance issues based on expanded rickshaw pullers due to the development of roads.By solving the above problems,the administration authorities of Xi'an built up the modern traffic order on the one hand,and realized the modern transformation of urban governance to a certain extent on the other hand.

Key Words: Repulic of China; Xi'an; road; modernization; urban transformation