资源是社会存续和发展的基础，资源与社会的关系自古至今影响着人类的发展。目前，从考古学角度探讨古代社会与资源关系的研究亟待补缺。本书选择商至西周时期的青铜资源为研究对象，以复原铜器流通体系为基本目的，在此基础上探究商周时期资源与社会的关系。

本书所谓青铜资源包括铜器及其金属原料。讨论铜器成品及其原料的生产与流通仅依靠传统的考古学分析难以实现，因此本书借助了微量元素分组和铅同位素分析等科技方法，将科学数据置于考古学背景下进行解读。在针对铜器生产来源和流通体系的研究中，首先根据铜器形制、纹饰、铭文、铸造水平等因素建立既反映文化属性又反映生产属性的考古学分类标准。在此分类标准基础之上，结合微量元素、铅同位素分析，探讨不同类别铜器使用原料来源的异同。由此可将铜器类别与原料类别进行对应，从而判断铜器的生产来源；进一步结合其他地区数据进行对比研究则可复原铜器的流通体系。依此思路，本书对商至西周时期铜器资源的生产、流通情况做了系统研究，结合其他考古学线索，认为早中商时期、晚商时期和西周时期的资源流通模式各有特点。

早、中商时期，商王朝多直接设置地方性城址以开发、获取资源，盘龙城是此类城址的代表。闽、赣地区生产的印纹硬陶和原始瓷器统一汇集至盘龙城后再转运至郑州商城。另外，盘龙城的人群可能还参与了长江中游铜矿的开发，并向中原输送铜料资源。值得注意的是，盘龙城不仅仅担负着向商王朝集纳资源的责任，其本身也生产、使用铜器，并以区别于中原器用制度的方式使用印纹硬陶和原始瓷器。这种地方城址兼具权利与义务的特征类似于西周时期的诸侯国。该时期，以城为中心的资源获取模式可用“筑城聚珍”来概括。到中商末期，随着以盘龙城为代表的地方性城址的废弃，商王朝陷入“九世之乱”，这种资源流通模式也随之瓦解。

晚商时期，盘庚迁殷以后不再徙都，稳定下来的商王朝实行了新的资源控制模式。此时，在商文化区域内商王朝对于金属资源的流通甚至主要的铜器生产实行了相对集中的管控，由中央生产再向各商文化据点分配，可概括为“器料官营”的政策。相应于集中的资源管控政策，晚商王朝也表现出“中央集权”的若干特点。早、中商时期流行的地方性城址在晚商时期几乎不见，中心都城也未有更迭，形成了以都邑为绝对核心的集权式的政体结构。与之相应的是礼制系统的重大变革，包括青铜器、印纹硬陶、原始瓷器、玉器、车马、甲骨等一系列礼制因素均发生重大变化。在商文化区域之外，长江流域成为商王朝最大的资源供应地。长江流域各地的铜料资源向中原流通；印纹硬陶和原始瓷器也属流通路线中的附带品。反之，商王朝影响了长江流域各土著文化的用铜观念，并输出铸铜技术资源或铜器产品。商王朝与长江流域的各文化之间以及长江流域各文化内部形成了极为密切的资源流通体系。这或是中国历史上黄河流域与长江流域文明首次通过资源网络连为一体。

西周时期的资源流通模式是与分封制相适应的。通过对叶家山等西周诸侯国墓地铜器的分析，可知西周前期各个诸侯国出土的本国铭文铜器、商铭文铜器等铸造质量较好的铜器，不仅表面风格一致，且使用了相同的铜料、铅料，当产自统一的中央式作坊。此外，各诸侯国普遍存在铸造质量较差的本地式铜器。对叶家山等地点铜器的分析表明本地式铜器所用铜料与高质量中原式铜器不同，铜器极有可能在当地生产，铅料则可能源于中央分配。西周时期，诸侯国独立生产铜器的现象应当普遍存在，只是规模有限、技术水平较低。以族姓区分，姬姓封国的铜器大部分均为高质量中原式铜器，显示出与周王朝的密切关联。非姬姓封国则更具独立性，如西周中期时 国铜器铸造业已经相当独立。

对原始瓷器的研究表明，西周时期中原各地出土的原始瓷器可能主要是由西周王朝在钱塘江流域“订烧”，产品运抵中央后再按照组合向各诸侯国分配。这种由中央主导的铜器、原始瓷器分配模式应当是分封制的一部分。随着诸侯国独立性的增强，这种分配模式逐渐走向衰落，最终形成东周时期诸侯争霸的局面。

综合早、中商时期至西周时期的资源流通模式与王朝政治、礼制的关系，我们初步提出商周时期的资源流通模式—王朝资源系统。王朝的核心结构是王朝中心—封国—疆外之地三个层次。这三个层次之间以不同的方式建立起资源流通网络。王朝的稳定与否在很大程度上取决于这三个层级结构之间的资源流通是否平衡。

本书研究仅是在现有材料、数据下进行的初步解读，多有不足之处。结论也有待于更多材料、数据的支持。但希望能以此起步，为以资源为本位的相关研究积累点滴。

关键词：商周铜器；中心与周边；贸易与交换；资源与社会

Abstract

Resources are fundamental to the survival and development of human society.The relation between resources and society had been a basic issue since ancient times.Few research on this topic was carried out from an archaeological perspective.Therefore，this book focuses on the bronze resources of the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasty.By restoring the the circulation system，the resources and society will be discussed.

The bronze resources in this paper refer to the bronze objects and raw materials.To discuss the production and circulation and bronze resources，traditional method as well as scientific analysis are both needed.Trace elemental and lead isotope analysis are included to study the raw materials.When studying the bronze production and circulation system，an archaeological classification system was firstly built based on the typology，motif，inscription，casting technique，and quality.Then trace element data，lead isotope data of different types of bronze were studied.By comparing the the types and raw materials，production and circulation system can be restored.Based on our analysis，we believe the resource circulation model varied from the Early and Middle Shang Dynasty to the Late Shang Dynasty then to the Western Zhou Dynasty.

In the Early and Middle Shang Dynasty，the Shang Dynasty deployed regional city to collect resource directly.Panlongcheng is representative，stamped hard pottery and proto-porcelain were gathered by Panlongcheng people from other region of the Yangtze River then transferred to the Central Plains.Moreover，the Panlongcheng people might also exploited copper resource in the Yangtze River and even sent some to the Central Plains.On the other hand，Panlongcheng people casted bronze and use stamped hard pottery，proto-porcelain by themselves，however，in a different way which is similar to the Western Zhou Dynasty.The resource model can be concluded as“the early from the tribute system”.As the regional city like Panlongcheng was deserted，the Shang Dynasty fell into a period of chaos and the resource system collapsed at last.

In the Late Shang Dynasty，the ritual and political system changed together with the resource circulation model.Within the Shang's territory，metal resource and even bronze casting were regulated strictly.All the bronze was produced by the dynasty then circulated to other places.Along with the strict regulation，the authority is centralized because almost no regional city was found in the Late Shang Dynasty.Also the Shang territory withdrew obviously.In the same time，almost all the ritual factors like bronze，stamped hard pottery，proto-porcelain，jade，chariot sacrifice，and oracle bones changed tremendously.All these changes are related.Outside the Shang territory，copper resource，stamped hard pottery and proto-porcelain were circulated from the Yangtze River to the Central Plains.The Shang Dynasty transferred bronze casting technique or bronze product as important resource to the Yangtze River.Several important indigenous cultures which all show intimate relationship with Shang Dynasty came into shape.I assume that the Yangtze River interact that with the Central Plains based on a“trade”model.And this“trading network”enables the Yellow River and Yangtze River civilization to connect into whole system for the very first time in Chinese history.

The resource circulation model in the Western Zhou Dynasty was built on enfeoffment system.The study on regional states'bronzes show that the high quality bronze found in different regional states were made by the same copper and lead material so they were probably all produced in the central court's workshops.Besides that，low quality bronzes were also common in regional states which were the evidence of independent casting activity.The regional states with Ji as surname show closer relationship with the central court while other states were more independent.In the middle and late period of the Western Zhou Dynasty，some regional states already developed independent bronze production system.Similar to bronze，the proto-porcelain found in the Central Plains were mostly produced in the Qiantang river by order and then circulated to regional states in certain assemblage.The resource circulation dominated by the dynasty corresponds with the enfeoffment system and collapsed when the regional states became more and more powerful.At last，the multiple centers model came into shape in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Based on what we discussed above，we proposed a theory about resource circulation in the Shang and Zhou period and named it as“Dynasty resource system”.We believe that the dynasty was built on the resource circulation relationship between core and periphery.There are three levels of structures in one dynasty:the central court，the regional states，and the powers outside the territory of dynasty.The resources were circulating between these three levels of structures in different ways.So to find the balance of resources between core and periphery is the key to remain the dynasty'stability.This book was based on current data and material.Mistakes are inevitable.But I would like to see it as the first step and hope it will benefit relevant research in some way.

Key Words:Bronzes of Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties;Core and periphery;Trade and exchange;Resources and society