现代意义上的经济犯罪和经济刑法发端于20世纪初期的西方国家，英美的“白领犯罪”理论与德国的“集体法益”理论分别从犯罪学和教义学的视角对经济犯罪与经济刑法展开了研究。在教义学的研究中，法益是理解经济犯罪与经济刑法的核心概念。德国、日本学界立足法益理论进行了经济刑法学体系化的长期努力，为中国经济刑法学的比较、借鉴与完善提供了重要的参照系。

法益是中国经济刑法学发展的基础命题，可以具化为四个主要问题：一是如何理解经济刑法法益的概念范畴；二是在经济刑法的立法与司法中如何理解集体法益与个人法益之间的关系；三是如何理解经济刑法针对集体法益保护的前置化手段；四是由于集体法益导致刑法与行政法在规范保护目标上的大范围的重合，如何准确地界定经济犯罪的不法。

在科学界定集体法益概念范畴的基础上，经济刑法应当树立“二元论”的法益观。二元论并未超越人本主义法益论的理论预设，它同样赋予集体法益以批判立法的实质内涵，而且更清晰地表明法益主体不仅包括“我”，还包括“我们”。集体法益适格与否，并非简单取决于能否还原为个人法益，而在于是否具有符合宪法规定的实体性内容。

在当前中国经济刑法学的研究中，以“秩序”“自由”“利益”等诠释经济刑法法益概念的路径存在着方法论上的错误。经济刑法的法益是社会主义市场经济，它是经济领域中实现个人自由的各种外部条件，是经济领域各种规范所共同保护的客体，是《宪法》第15条“国家实行社会主义市场经济”的刑法诠释，是具有独立地位的集体法益。经济刑法的法益研究不应当仅停留在抽象的概念界定层面，更为关键的是确立判定经济刑法法益适格性的判断标准：应坚持宪法赋予的价值内蕴，还应坚持“实体”与“可损”的法益概念。此外，经济刑法的犯罪化标准还要注重辅助性原则的补充与明确性原则的限制。

抽象危险犯成为经济刑法抗制经济犯罪的重要手段。我国经济刑法中的抽象危险犯包括抽象危险性犯与实质预备犯两种，并不存在累积犯的概念。经济刑法通过设置抽象危险犯，满足经济风险控制需要，前置保护对国民经济具有重要意义的经济法益；发挥刑法规范对市场主体经济行为的形塑功能，指引市场主体从事合规的行为；同时适当降低国家追诉经济犯罪的诉讼证明标准。针对抽象危险犯在司法实务中出现的“过罪化”现象，应通过立法的限缩与司法的限制解释以节制抽象危险犯的可罚性。

在刑事不法的判断中，应当严格区分不法与违法性、法定犯与行政犯等基本概念。我国经济犯罪的不法类型是行政犯而非法定犯，经济犯罪的不法具有变动性与双重性的特征，不法规范突出表现为空白的犯罪构成。

行政违法与犯罪的界分应当在构成要件符合性阶层完成，法益侵害的实质考量应内嵌于构成要件的目的解释、实质解释之中。违法性是指行为与整体法秩序之间的冲突，而非行为对单一刑法规范的违反。法秩序统一原则不影响构成要件符合性的独立判断。刑法在法益保护上的辅助性并非体现刑事不法判断的从属性，而恰恰是独立性。我国犯罪构成要件是定性与定量的统一，中外学理上形成共识的质与量二元区分的判断方法论，在我国体现为基于构成要件的质的区分标准。刑法对构成要件要素独立、实质的判断需要遵循事实判断向规范判断的递进方式，准确地适用质的区别标准，合理地界分违法与犯罪。

经济刑法的法益理论对于经济犯罪的认定具有基础性的指导作用。司法实践中引发热议的典型经济案件，可以分别从个人法益与集体法益的关系角度、集体法益与构成要件的关系角度，以及集体法益的本身视角进行反思与审视。

关键词：经济刑法；集体法益；法益二元论；抽象危险犯；不法判断

Abstract

In the modern sense of economic crimes and economic criminal law originated in the western countries in the early 20th century,the“white collar crime”theory of the Anglo-American legal system and the German“collective legal interest”theory respectively studied the economic criminal law from the dimensions of criminology and doctrine.The concept of legal interest became the core concept for understanding economic crimes and economic criminal law.The German and Japanese scholar have made a huge effort to establisch the economic criminal law system around the legal interests of the economic criminal law,and provided an important reference system for the comparison,reference and improvement of China's economic criminal law.

The question of the legal interests of the development of economic criminal law in China can be summarized into the following four questions:first,how to understand the conceptual category of legal interests（collective legal interests）protected by economic criminal law; second,how to understand the relationship between collective legal interests and individual legal interests; and third,how to understand the predecessor of the economic criminal law for the protection of collective legal interests,and fourth,so far the normative purpose of criminal law and administrative law overlapped with each other because of the collective legal interest,it become a current problem,how to define the illegality of economic crimes，and clarify the boundary between crime and administrative unlawfulness.Economic criminal law should establish the dualistic legal interest concept.At the constitutional level,both individual law interest and collective law interest are the legal interests of human beings,taking the realization of human's free development as its fundamental goal.However,at the medium level of criminal lawmaking,the legal status of collective law interests should be recognized relative to the legal interests of individuals.The dualistic concept of legal interest is based on the changes of social reality and the change of state tasks.Theoreti cally,it can more accurately express the concept of collective legal interest,interpret the concept of legal interest and its function,and it is more in line with the current Chinese context,contribute to the formation of a rational,scientific and positive criminal legislation.The dualistic concept of legal interest is also based on humanism,under which the collective legal interest also have the function to criticize legislation,and more clearly shows that the subject of legal interest includes not only“I”,but also“we”.The suitability of collective legal interest is not simply determined by whether it can be reduced to individual legal interest,but by whether it has substantive content in accordance with the constitution.

There is a methodologi cal error in the path of the interpretation of legal concepts such as“order”,“freedom”and even“interest”.The protected legal interest of economic criminal law are the socialist market economy,which are the external conditions for the realization of individual freedom in the economic field,and protected object of the various norms in the economic field,from the perspective of distinguishing the legal interests of the individual from those of the collective law,the legal interest and norms.The understanding of legal interest in economic criminal law as the socialist market economy is also the interpretation of Article 15 of the Constitution,“The State Practices the SocialistMarket Economy.”It is an in dependent collective legal interest.In light of the distinguishing between individual and collective legal interest,and the distinguishing between legal interest and norm,it is to conclude that the theory of economic order confused the conception of legal interest and norm,while the theory of economic interest or economic liberty denies the independence of collective legal interest.The study of the legal interests of economic criminal law should not stop at the abstract definition of the concept of the more criti cal is to establish the judgments of the economic criminal law suitability of the judging criteria.Appropriate legal interests of economic criminal law should be consistent with both internal and external standards.In internal standards,we should adhere to the connotation of value conferred by the Constitution,uphold the concept of legal interests of“substantial”and“detrimental”;in the external standards,we also need the supplement of economic crime elements and the principle of proportionality.

Abstract dangerous crimes have become an important means of economic criminal law against economic crimes.The abstract dangerous crime in our country's economic criminal law include the two kinds of abstract dangerous offence and substantive preparation offence.The so called“cumulation crime”is logi cally included in the conception of abstract dangerous crime,so it makes no sense to consider it as an independent type of crime.Economic criminal law through the establishment of abstract dangerous crime to meet the economic risk control,the forefront of the protection of the important economic interest; to play the norms of the criminal law the main body of the economic behavior of the shaping function; also reduce the national prosecution of economic crimes litigation standards.The phenomenon of“overcriminalization”that may appear in the practice of abstract dangerous crimes in the judicial practice should be interpreted through the restriction of the legislation and the limitation of justice to control the punishment of abstract dangerous offence.First,we can use objec tive penalty conditions to limit the penalty of the constituent elements.Secondly,we create special suspects for abstract dangerous crimes.Third,as China's legislation adopts the“qualitative and quantitative”criminal standards,it requires relevant abstract dangers Worth to be sentenced to criminal penalties of the degree of unlawfulness.

The illegal type of our country's economic crimes is the administrative offence rather than themala prohibita.The illegality of economic crimes has the characteristics of fluctuating and dual nature.The illegal norms of our country's economic crimes are prominently represented by the composition of crimes with a blank count.The administrative violation and crime should be differentiated by the constitutive element of crime.The material consideration of the infringement of legal interests should be embedded in the objective and substantive explanations of the constitutive element of a crime.Illegality means the conflict between behavior and the overall legal order,not the violation of a single norm.Therefore,the principle of the unification of legal order does not affect the independent judgment of the conformity of the constituent elements.The subsidiarity of criminal law in the protection of legal interests is not subordinate,but independent.In China,The elements of crime are the unity of qualitative and quantitative,the methodology of the distinction between quality and quantity,which is agreed by both Chinese and foreign scholars,is based on the standard of the distinction between the quality of constituent elements.The independent and substantial judgment of the elements of constitution in criminal law needs to follow the progressive way from fact judgment to normative judgment in the interpretation method.The qualitative distinction standard should be applied accurately from the three levels of objective elements of constitution,subjective elements exceeding elements and crime quantity element.

The legal interest theory of economic criminal law has the basic func tion to the cognizance of the economic crime.Whether from the perspective of the relationship between the legal interests of individuals and the interests of collective law,from the perspective of the relationship between collective law and interests and constitutional requirements or from the perspective of collective law and interests,we can analyze and reflect on current typi cal economic cases from the perspective of basic theory.

Key Words:Economic Criminal Law;Collective Legal Interest;The Dualistic Concept of Legal Interest; Abstract Dangerous Crime; Unlawful judgement