随着中国现代化和城市化的深入，农民工已经成为生活在城市中的一个不可忽略的群体，按照2006年国务院颁布的《国务院关于解决农民工问题的若干意见》对农民工的解读，这个群体被定义为“在本地乡镇企业或者进入城镇务工的农业户口人员”。但随着社会的发展，即使在有些省份农村户口已被取消，拥有农民工身份的人却依旧存在，他们的身份通常与一些固定的职业相连，比如建筑工人群体、劳务群体和服务行业等。农民工这个词也与“弱势”、“底层”等意义相关。农民工生活在城市的边缘位置，其居住基本在城郊结合处，那里有廉价的出租屋。农民工的权益也容易受到侵害，例如工资被拖欠、医疗无保障、子女入学有困难等，农民工的生存现状不断被这些自然化。因此，农民工既是一个现实中的群体，也成为人们意识中的一种观念。“农民工”话语所建构的意义已经超越了它原来的文件意义，关注“农民工”话语的意义变迁，即对农民工这个词进行考古式研究，并在此基础上探索农民工的身份生产，有利于为农民工争取合法权益，在这个群体身上体现社会公平、公正的价值。同时，通过本项研究探讨中国社会不同阶层的建构过程，反思整个社会群体间的互动与相处。

此前虽有不少关于农民工的研究，但对“农民工”概念所指意义的变迁却鲜有关注。本研究在建构主义理论视野下，从福柯的“考古学”和“谱系学”的理论出发，以“农民工”话语为研究对象，利用语料库软件对大众媒介（《人民日报》）30年间关于“农民工”的报道进行话语考古学分析，还原“农民工”话语构建农民工群体身份的具体过程。在此基础上，本研究对“农民工”媒介话语构成进行深入分析，利用福柯的话语与权力理论论述“农民工”的媒介身份转变成社会身份的过程，并在阐释分析的基础上，引进实证研究，利用问卷调查的方法验证和继续论证权力在身份转变中的作用。

研究发现，农民工的媒介身份总体呈现出一种矛盾，媒介建构的农民工的各类身份彼此并不完全统一。这种矛盾本质上是各种话语在“农民工”媒介话语场域作用的结果，受各种权力争斗作用的影响。正是这些矛盾，不断扩大“农民工”话语的意义外延，生产出“他者”和“弱势”的意义。这种意义在以城市为主导立场的大众媒介传播的作用下，也不断固化其身份和现有的城乡二元结构。

研究还发现，农民工身份生产是融合的媒介权力的产物，这种融合的媒介权力，是以政府权力为代表的宏观权力与以媒介话语为代表的微观权力融合的结果，权力的融合，使农民工成为历史语境、政治经济语境和文化语境中的必然。农民工身份最终成为一个“死结”，无论是城市公众还是农民工群体自身，都在30年的意义建构中对农民工形成了刻板的认识。研究也为后续类似的身份和话语意义研究，尤其是在整合微观权力、话语、意义、身份等相应概念上，提供了一套完整的思路。本研究基于语料库的话语考古式方法能把传播、历史和文本进行有机结合，为传播学方法论提供了一定的启示意义。

关键词：话语 权力 身份 媒介传播 农民工 《人民日报》

Abstract

With the progressing of modernization and urbanization of China,Rural migrant workers（Nongmingong）have been a group which are drawing the whole society's attention.According to its original definition from the policy document of Chinese government,rural migrant workers are people who have hukou（residence registration）in country and work in the cities or towns.With the development of society,however,even though country hukou has been cancelled,some people are still being identified as rural migrant workers.They are reported as construction worker,labors or people doing service in the city.These people's contribution is usually acknowledged by city,but they are marginalized by the city.They live in suburb where there is low-rent housing.It is hard for them to safeguard their rights and interests.In the city they are working,their salaries were not paid in time,and they have no medi cal care insurance and it is hard for their children to go to school.Therefore,the meaning of word“Nongmingong”（rural migrant workers）seems beyond its original meaning from policy document.They are not only an existing group in society,but also a group existing in the mind of the public.The public related the word to poverty,weakness and uncivilized and took the relationship for granted.

There are many studies on Rural migrant workers,but few of them pay attention to the change of the signified meaning of the word.The research focused on meaning of the discourse“Nongmingong”from a perspective of the Archaeology of Knowledge,which is of great help to reveal the production process of rural migrant workers in which mass media is involved.Based on the corpus made of news report collected from the People's Daily from 1980 to 2010，the research uses wordsmith 4.0 to give archaeologi cal analysis to media discourse of rural migrant workers and uncover the identity construction process of rural migrant workers by mass media.The research applied Foucault's power theory to explain the transformation frommedia identity to social identity of rural migrant workers,based on which,the study introduced empiri cal study in the form of questionnaire to further analyze the formation of the meaning of“rural migrant workers”.

The research finds a conflicted constructed meaning of“rural migrant workers”by media,which in essence is the result that a variety of discourse function in media field and influenced by the fighting of power.It is the confliction that extends the meaning and produces the meaning of“the other”and“weakness”.

The research also finds the production of identity of rural migrant workers is the result of convergent media power,which consists of macro-power and micropower respectively represented by government power and media discourse.The convergent media power naturalizes the current situation of rural migrant workers,which eventually solidifies identity of rural migrant workers and a stereotype comes into shape finally.The research provides a research framework for future study on identity,media and power as well as a method that corpus-based discourse archeology may combine communication,history and text together,which can be new for communication methodology.

Key words: Discourse Power IdentityMass media Rural Migrant Worker People's Daily