1978年，党的十一届三中全会召开是中国经济社会的伟大历史转折，此后，随着经济体制改革和对外开放，中国社会各领域、各层面均发生了深刻的变化，经济持续稳定发展，社会安定有序，人民生活日益富足，国家各项事业都取得巨大的发展。作为国家基本制度建设之一的中国社会保障制度建设也在这30年中取得了巨大的进展。值此改革开放30周年之际，回顾社会保障制度的改革进程，总结其改革和建设的成就与经验教训，对于进一步推进中国特色社会主义社会保障事业发展、加快以改善民生为重点的社会建设具有重大的理论和现实意义。

国际劳工组织有一句名言：没有社会安定，就没有社会发展；没有社会保障，就没有社会安定。这句话充分阐释了社会保障制度在整个社会安定与发展中的重要作用。社会保障制度是一个国家的基本社会制度，是一项涉及社会各个层面与多个领域的综合工程，直接关系到社会的稳定与长治久安，是社会运行的“安全网”和“稳定器”。作为一种以解除国民生存危机和保障国民基本生活为本源职责的制度安排，现代社会保障无疑是增进国民福祉、推动社会主义和谐社会建设、促进社会公平正义的重要内容，具有其他制度不可替代的作用。改革开放以来，我国社会保障事业取得了长足进展，社会保障基本制度框架确立并不断完善，社会保障覆盖范围不断扩大、保障水平不断提高，社会保障基金管理和运行制度日益完善，社会保障对经济发展的积极作用日益凸显。

中国的社会保障改革是在中国经济体制变革、经济社会结构调整以及经济全球化的大背景下展开的一场具有革命意义的制度变革。

改革开放以前，由于特定的历史需要，以及20世纪六七十年代国内外政治经济发展的特殊形势，中国在这一时期的社会保障制度强调个人、单位（集体）和国家利益完全一致的原则，形成了中国特色的“单位保障”模式。概括而言，传统单位保障制度模式有“国家保障”、“单位负责”、“宽福利与低收入并存”和“社会矛盾化解器”四大特点。该保障模式对于中国20世纪50年代的国民经济恢复与重建，度过60年代因自然灾害而导致的三年困难时期，顺利完成60年代的经济结构大调整等发挥了社会安全网作用。但是，也应该看到，传统的、“单位化”的社会保障制度也存在诸多弊端，由于其覆盖范围狭窄、待遇水平较低，加之制度模式上存在的缺失，中国传统的单位保障制度对于经济社会发展未能发挥更大的作用。

20世纪80年代，家庭联产承包责任制的推行，打破了农村原有的经济组织形式，家庭取代了生产队成为独立的社会生产单位，附着于原有集体经济基础之上的保障与福利随之迅速消减，农村社会保障制度衰落甚至出现空白。即使具有代表性的农村合作医疗制度，其推行的行政村也由过去占全国行政村的90％猛减至1985年的5％。1989年继续实行农村合作医疗制度的行政村仅占全国行政村的4.8％，到了90年代初期，中国仅存的合作医疗主要分布在上海和苏南地区。同时，在城镇，以国有企业改革为标志的城镇经济结构变革快速推进，带来了社会经济结构的深刻变化。经济成分多元化、劳动力市场化和新的社会阶层出现，原有利益格局被打破，收入差距明显扩大，不同阶层和群体之间的利益冲突加剧。在这种背景下，改革原有的社会保障机制，建立新的社会稳定与协调机制，缓解经济社会转型所带来的冲击，成为中国政府进一步推进改革开放的战略举措。

中国社会保障制度变革开始的标志性事件是1978年3月5日五届全国人大一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法》，其中第48条、第49条、第50条重申对劳动者的就业与福利、劳动者在年老、疾病或丧失劳动能力时的物质帮助获取权，以及革命残疾军人、革命烈士家属等问题的原则规定，同时，重新成立民政部。这标志着中国社会保障事业开始走上了稳定发展的道路。1982年12月4日，五届全国人大五次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法》规定：“中华人民共和国公民在年老、疾病或者丧失劳动能力的情况下，有从国家和社会获得物质帮助的权利。国家发展为公民享受这些权利所需要的社会保险、社会救济和医疗卫生事业。”这部法律在更广大范围内明确了公民的社会保障权利，是中国社会保障制度建设中的一个里程碑。2004年3月14日，十届全国人大二次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》（修正）更是明确提出，国家要“建立健全同经济发展水平相适应的社会保障制度”。纵观转型期社会保障制度改革，大致可划分为“国企改革配套的保障制度建设”、“单位保障与社会保障并行和转轨”以及“社会保障规范发展”三大阶段。在过去的30年里，中国社会保障制度改革日渐深化，取得了前所未有的成就，主要体现在六大方面：（1）社会保障制度去单位化，制度不断完善和规范；（2）逐步规范统一社会保障行政管理体制；（3）逐步规范保障基金的管理； （4）税费分担主体逐步发生改变；（5）制度设计更为科学、合理；（6）制度改革稳步推进。

当然，转型时期社会保障制度建设也有缺失，而且，社保制度改革本身也存在制度转型和理顺体制等诸多问题，在当前中国社会处于整体转型期的大背景下，这些问题显得尤为突出。概括起来有：（1）新的社会保障制度还不完善；（2）社会保障法制化进程有待加强；（3）社会保障制度地区发展不均衡；（4）无法平衡退休与就业矛盾；（5）社保基金保值、增值压力大。

不断完善的社会保障体系是现代社会文明的重要标志，也是社会稳定和国家长治久安的根本大计。党的十六大报告中提出了21世纪头20年建立比较健全的社会保障体系，十六届三中全会进一步提出加快建设与经济发展水平相适应的社会保障体系。党的十七大报告中再次提出了加快推进以改善民生为重点的社会建设，并包括社会保障制度建设在内的社会建设作为构建和谐社会建设的关键内容，强调“加快建立覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系，保障人民基本生活”。可见，现在是中国加快社会保障制度建设的最好时期。

“三十而立”。30年的经验、教训极其宝贵，是值得珍惜、总结和思考的。对30年来社会保障改革进行总结，既是总结历史经验教训之需要，也是展望未来改革路径之要求；既是推进和改善民生之根本，也是国家稳定和快速发展之关键。值此之际，教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地——武汉大学社会保障研究中心组织了国内社会保障领域的部分专家学者，对改革开放30年来社会保障的发展进行梳理回顾，对现有各项具体制度运行状况进行分析、评估，并在总结经验教训的基础上，对社会保障制度的改革目标和路径进行设计和筹划，期望能够为中国未来的社会保障制度建设提供一些理论依据和政策建议。

本书的写作思路与框架由邓大松教授拟定，刘昌平和胡宏伟负责本书章节分配、稿件收集，刘昌平和陈莹对本书进行修改与统稿。本书的写作分工如下：前言，邓大松；第一章、第八章，刘昌平；第二章，郑秉文；第三章，吕国营、潘常刚；第四章，罗元文；第五章，王玥、穆怀中；第六章，张奇林；第七章，孟颖颖、邓悦；第九章、第十七章，邓大松、石静；第十章、第十一章、第十五章，林毓铭；第十二章，郑传锋；第十三章，曾国安；第十四章，程斯辉；第十六章，乌日图。受作者水平和时间所限，书中疏漏和不当之处在所难免，欢迎各位专家和广大读者批评、赐教。

In 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was a great historical turning point in China's economy and society, and since then, with the reform of the economic system and opening up to the outside world, profound changes have taken place in all fields and levels of Chinese society, with sustained and stable economic development, social stability and order, people's lives becoming increasingly prosperous, and tremendous development in all national undertakings. As one of the national basic system construction, China's social security system has also made tremendous progress in the past 30 years. On the occasion of the 30th anniversary of reform and opening up, reviewing the reform process of the social security system and summarizing the achievements and lessons learned in its reform and construction are of great theoretical and practical significance for further promoting the development of socialist social security with Chinese characteristics and accelerating social construction focusing on improving people's livelihood. There is a famous saying in the International Labour Organization: without social stability, there can be no social development; Without social security, there can be no social stability. This sentence fully explains the important role of the social security system in the overall social stability and development. The social security system is the basic social system of a country, a comprehensive project involving all levels of society and multiple fields, directly related to social stability and long-term peace and stability, and a "safety net" and "stabilizer" for social operation. As an institutional arrangement that takes the lifting of the national survival crisis and the protection of the basic livelihood of the people as its original responsibility, modern social security is undoubtedly an important content of improving the well-being of the people, promoting the construction of a harmonious socialist society, and promoting social fairness and justice, and has an irreplaceable role in other systems. Since the reform and opening up, China's social security undertakings have made great progress, the basic framework of social security systems has been established and continuously improved, the coverage of social security has been continuously expanded, the level of security has been continuously improved, the management and operation system of social security funds has been increasingly improved, and the positive role of social security in economic development has become increasingly prominent. China's social security reform is a revolutionary institutional reform carried out against the background of China's economic structural reform, economic and social restructuring and economic globalization. Before the reform and opening up, due to the specific historical needs and the special situation of domestic and foreign political and economic development in the sixties and seventies of the 20th century, China's social security system in this period emphasized the principle that the interests of individuals, units (collectives) and the state are completely consistent, forming a "unit guarantee" model with Chinese characteristics. Generally speaking, the traditional unit security system model has four characteristics: "state guarantee", "unit responsibility", "coexistence of lenient welfare and low income" and "social contradiction resolver". This guarantee model played a social safety net role in China's national economic recovery and reconstruction in the 50s of the 20th century, through the three-year difficult period caused by natural disasters in the 60s, and successfully completed the major economic restructuring in the 60s. However, it should also be noted that the traditional and "unitized" social security system also has many drawbacks, due to its narrow coverage, low level of treatment, and the lack of institutional model, China's traditional unit security system has not played a greater role in economic and social development. In the 80s of the 20th century, the implementation of the household joint production contract responsibility system broke the original form of economic organization in rural areas, and the family replaced the production team as an independent social production unit, and the security and welfare attached to the original collective economic basis were rapidly reduced, and the rural social security system declined or even became blank. Even with the representative rural cooperative medical system, the number of administrative villages implemented in the country plummeted from 90% of the country's administrative villages in the past to 5% in 1985. In 1989, only 4.8% of the country's administrative villages continued to implement the rural cooperative medical system, and by the early 90s, China's last remaining cooperative medical care was mainly distributed in Shanghai and southern Jiangsu. At the same time, in cities and towns, the reform of the urban economic structure marked by the reform of state-owned enterprises has advanced rapidly, bringing about profound changes in the social and economic structure. The diversification of economic components, the labor marketization and the emergence of new social classes have broken the original pattern of interests, significantly widened the income gap, and intensified the conflict of interests between different classes and groups. In this context, reforming the original social security mechanism, establishing a new social stability and coordination mechanism, and alleviating the impact of economic and social transformation have become strategic measures for the Chinese government to further promote reform and opening up. The landmark event at the beginning of the reform of China's social security system was the Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted by the First Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on March 5, 1978, in which Articles 48, 49 and 50 reaffirmed the principles and provisions on the employment and welfare of workers, the right of workers to obtain material assistance in case of old age, illness or incapacity to work, as well as the families of disabled revolutionary servicemen and revolutionary martyrs, and at the same time, the Ministry of Civil Affairs was re-established. This marks the beginning of China's social security undertaking on the road of stable development. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China, adopted by the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on 4 December 1982, stipulates: "Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to receive material assistance from the State and society in the event of old age, illness or incapacity for work. The State develops the social insurance, social assistance and health services necessary for citizens to enjoy these rights. "This law clarifies citizens' social security rights on a broader scale and is a milestone in the construction of China's social security system. On 14 March 2004, the Second Session of the Tenth National People's Congress adopted the Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China (Amendment), which clearly stated that the state should "establish and improve a social security system commensurate with the level of economic development". Looking at the reform of the social security system during the transition period, it can be roughly divided into three stages: "the construction of the security system supporting the reform of state-owned enterprises", "the parallel and transformation of unit security and social security", and "the development of social security norms". In the past 30 years, the reform of China's social security system has been deepened day by day, and unprecedented achievements have been achieved, which are mainly reflected in six major aspects: (1) the social security system has been de-united, and the system has been continuously improved and standardized; (2) Gradually standardize and unify the social security administrative management system; (3) Gradually standardize the management of the guarantee fund; (4) The subject of tax sharing has gradually changed; (5) The system design is more scientific and reasonable; (6) Institutional reform is advancing steadily. Of course, there are also deficiencies in the construction of the social security system during the transition period, and the reform of the social security system itself also has many problems such as institutional transformation and rationalization of the system, which are particularly prominent in the context of the current period of overall transformation of Chinese society. To summarize: (1) the new social security system is not perfect; (2) The process of legalization of social security needs to be strengthened; (3) uneven regional development of the social security system; (4) Inability to balance retirement and employment; (5) The social security fund has great pressure to preserve and increase its value. The constantly improving social security system is an important symbol of modern social civilization and a fundamental plan for social stability and long-term national peace and stability. The report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed the establishment of a relatively sound social security system in the first two decades of the 21st century, and the Third Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee further proposed to accelerate the construction of a social security system commensurate with the level of economic development. The report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China once again proposed to accelerate the promotion of social construction focusing on improving people's livelihood, and social construction, including the construction of social security system, as the key content of building a harmonious society, emphasizing "accelerating the establishment of a social security system covering urban and rural residents to ensure the basic livelihood of the people". It can be seen that now is the best period for China to accelerate the construction of the social security system. "Standing at thirty". The experience and lessons of the past 30 years are extremely valuable and worth cherishing, summarizing and pondering. Summarizing the social security reform over the past 30 years is not only the need to sum up historical lessons and lessons, but also the requirement to look forward to the future reform path. It is not only the foundation for promoting and improving people's livelihood, but also the key to national stability and rapid development. On this occasion, the Social Security Research Center of Wuhan University, a key research base for humanities and social sciences of the Ministry of Education, organized some experts and scholars in the field of social security in China to sort out and review the development of social security in the past 30 years of reform and opening up, analyze and evaluate the operation status of various specific existing systems, and design and plan the reform goals and paths of the social security system on the basis of summing up lessons learned, hoping to provide some theoretical basis and policy suggestions for the construction of China's future social security system. The writing ideas and framework of this book were formulated by Professor Deng Dasong, Liu Changping and Hu Hongwei were responsible for the chapter allocation and manuscript collection of the book, and Liu Changping and Chen Ying revised and unified the book. The division of labor in the writing of this book is as follows: Foreword, Deng Dasong; Chapters 1 and 8, Liu Changping; Chapter 2, Zheng Bingwen; Chapter III, Lu Guoying and Pan Changgang; Chapter 4, Luo Yuanwen; Chapter 5, Wang Yue and Mu Huaizhong; Chapter 6, Zhang Qilin; Chapter 7, Meng Yingying and Deng Yue; Chapters 9 and 17, Deng Dasong and Shi Jing; Chapters 10, 11, 15, Lin Yuming; Chapter 12, Zheng Chuanfeng; Chapter 13, Zeng Guoan; Chapter 14, Cheng Sihui; Chapter XVI, Uzhtu. Due to the author's level and time, omissions and improprieties in the book are inevitable, and experts and readers are welcome to criticize and enlighten.（AI翻译）