改革开放以来，我国实施了大规模扶贫开发，经历了专项扶贫、开发式扶贫和精准扶贫等不同的扶贫阶段，脱贫工作取得了举世瞩目的成就，为世界减贫做出了巨大贡献，创造了人类反贫减贫历史上的伟大奇迹，我国也成为世界上较早实现减贫目标的发展中国家。当前，我国扶贫开发进入脱贫攻坚新阶段，仍面临十分艰巨的脱贫任务，到2020年现行标准下农村贫困人口全部实现脱贫，特别是“三区三州”等深度贫困地区，基础条件薄弱、致贫原因复杂、公共服务不足，脱贫难度更大。因此，切实提高我国农村地区尤其是深度贫困地区公共服务供给效率和供给质量，增强农村公共服务的可获得性，提高农村贫困人口享受公共服务的便捷性，从而提升农村公共服务供给的减贫效应，既是深入推进精准扶贫和精准脱贫工作，增强贫困人口自我发展能力的迫切任务，也是构建稳定脱贫的长效机制、打赢脱贫攻坚战、促进乡村振兴和决胜全面建成小康社会的内在要求和重要举措。为此，本书采用“理论梳理、跨学科分析、系统分析、统计分析、比较分析、计量分析、案例分析以及归纳分析”等研究方法，立足于我国脱贫攻坚目标和农村社会经济发展的实际情况，在脱贫攻坚进入决胜期的情况下，研究农村公共服务供给的减贫效应及其提升对策问题。

本书首先从农村公共服务供给效率评价、农村贫困人口的识别、农村贫困程度的测度等维度介绍了国内外学者对农村贫困识别与贫困测度的相关研究成果；进而将农村公共服务划分为教育发展、医疗卫生、基础设施、文化设施、社会保障五种不同类型，详细阐述了学术界对于上述不同类型农村公共服务供给的减贫效应的研究成果，并系统介绍了学术界关于消除农村贫困的政策选择的研究成果，从不同层面系统梳理了国内外学者研究农村贫困和农村公共服务供给的减贫效应的相关成果，界定了贫困、农村公共服务等概念，有助于更好地掌握农村公共服务供给与贫困问题的研究现状，夯实课题研究的理论基础。

其次，了解农村地区公共服务供给状况和贫困现状，有助于更好地掌握现阶段我国农村公共服务供给存在的典型问题与农村贫困的基本情况。为此，课题组利用国家贫困人口统计数据与农村公共服务供给的宏观统计数据，从农村教育事业发展、农村医疗卫生事业发展、农村基础设施建设、农村文化设施建设和农村社会保障发展等层面归纳了我国农村公共服务供给的总体特征，并对农村公共服务供给过程中存在的农村公共服务供给总量不足、供需结构失衡、公共服务供给的城乡失衡、农村公共服务供给效率低下等典型问题进行阐述，剖析产生这些问题的根源；同时，对我国农村贫困的基本情况和典型特征进行描述性分析，归纳得出我国现阶段扶贫开发工作中存在深度贫困问题依然突出、产业扶贫效应有待提升、扶贫资源配置效率较低、扶贫绩效考核机制不健全等问题，从而对我国农村贫困状况有了初步认识，有助于深入地研究农村公共服务供给的减贫效应，并提出更有针对性的政策建议。

又次，从农村基础教育、农村医疗卫生、农村基础设施、农村文化设施和农村社会保障制度等层面对不同类型农村公共服务供给减贫的作用机理进行分析，探究农村公共服务供给影响贫困的具体路径。在系统介绍DEA模型、三阶段DEA模型和Malmquist指数模型的基本原理的基础上，构建包括投入指标、产出指标和环境变量在内的农村公共服务供给效率的综合评价指标体系，进而分别采用三阶段DEA模型和Malmquist指数模型，测度了2011—2016年我国30个省（区、市）的农村公共服务供给效率值，探究了我国整体和省级层面农村公共服务供给效率的静态和动态变化情况，研究发现我国各省份的技术效率均值和纯技术效率均值被低估，在剔除了环境因素和随机误差因素后，多数省份的技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率与传统DEA模型评价结果相比，均有较大幅度提高，表明采用三阶段DEA模型评价我国省级层面的农村公共服务供给效率是合理必要的；同时，2011年以来我国农村公共服务全要素生产率的增长率为10.9%，表明我国农村公共服务供给的效率在整体上呈现出上升趋势，而且全国绝大部分省份的农村公共服务供给效率均呈现出递增的趋势，其中技术进步是引起我国农村公共服务全要素生产率增长的主要原因；从区域层面看，中部地区农村公共服务全要素生产率指数值最高，东部地区次之，西部地区最低。

再次，系统介绍了贫困发生率、恩格尔系数法、收入比例法、FGT贫困指数、马丁法等测度农村贫困程度的指数和方法，以及计量分析法中的系统广义矩估计法，进而利用贫困发生率和恩格尔系数法测度我国各个省（区、市）的农村贫困程度，选择我国2011—2016年24个省（区、市）组成的面板数据，采用两步系统广义矩估计法进行实证检验，研究发现我国农村公共服务供给效率的提高产生了明显的减贫效应，显著减少了农村贫困人口，其中，农村公共服务供给的减贫效应最大，农业劳动生产率的减贫效应次之，产业结构和农村剩余劳动力转移的减贫效应位列第三位和第四位，而城镇化和对外开放的减贫效应并不显著，未对农村贫困人口的减少产生减缓作用。进一步分析发现，农村基础教育、农村医疗卫生和农村基础设施三种类型的农村公共服务供给在减贫和增收中发挥了重要作用，显著减少了农村贫困人口，而农村文化事业和农村社会保障的减贫效果并不明显，其中农村基础设施的减贫效应最大，基础教育的减贫效应次之，而医疗卫生的减贫效应最小。

最后，在理论分析基础上，结合实证分析所检验的农村公共服务供给以及各个不同类型农村公共服务供给的减贫效应，甄别出影响农村公共服务供给减贫效应的主要因素，进而在减贫框架设计中融入农村公共服务供给，根据不同时期的政策目标和社会经济发展情况，从提高农村公共服务供给效率、优化农村公共服务供需结构、提升农村公共服务供给的减贫效应的角度提出相关政策建议，具体为：一是大力发展农村教育事业，增强脱贫内生动力；二是加强农村基础设施建设，筑牢扶贫攻坚基础；三是完善农村医疗服务体系，提升医疗服务水平；四是健全农村社会保障制度，提高社会保障水平；五是加强文化事业减贫作用，全面改变农村面貌；六是推动供给模式优化创新，着力增加有效供给，进而为提高我国农村公共服务供给的减贫效应、实现精准扶贫和稳定脱贫、加快推动乡村振兴提供理论借鉴。

关键词：农村公共服务供给；精准扶贫；脱贫攻坚

Since the reform and opening up, China has implemented large-scale poverty alleviation and development, experienced different stages of poverty alleviation such as special poverty alleviation, development-oriented poverty alleviation and targeted poverty alleviation, and made remarkable achievements in poverty alleviation, made great contributions to world poverty reduction, created a great miracle in the history of human anti-poverty poverty reduction, and China has also become the world's earliest developing country to achieve the goal of poverty reduction. At present, China's poverty alleviation and development has entered a new stage of poverty alleviation, and it is still facing a very arduous task of poverty alleviation, and by 2020, all rural poor people under the current standards will be lifted out of poverty, especially in deeply impoverished areas such as "three districts and three states", with weak basic conditions, complex causes of poverty, insufficient public services, and greater difficulty in poverty alleviation. Therefore, effectively improving the efficiency and quality of public service supply in rural areas in China, especially in deeply impoverished areas, enhancing the availability of rural public services, improving the convenience of rural poor people to enjoy public services, and thereby improving the poverty reduction effect of rural public service supply is not only an urgent task to further promote targeted poverty alleviation and targeted poverty alleviation and enhance the self-development ability of the poor population, but also to build a long-term mechanism for stable poverty alleviation and win the battle against poverty. The intrinsic requirements and important measures for promoting rural revitalization and decisively building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way. To this end, this book adopts research methods such as "theoretical combing, interdisciplinary analysis, systematic analysis, statistical analysis, comparative analysis, quantitative analysis, case analysis and inductive analysis", based on the goal of poverty alleviation in China and the actual situation of rural social and economic development, and studies the poverty reduction effect of rural public service supply and its improvement countermeasures when poverty alleviation enters a decisive period. This book first introduces the relevant research results of domestic and foreign scholars on rural poverty identification and poverty measurement from the dimensions of rural public service supply efficiency evaluation, rural poverty identification, and rural poverty measurement. Furthermore, rural public services are divided into five different types: education development, medical and health, infrastructure, cultural facilities and social security, and the research results of academia on the poverty reduction effect of the above different types of rural public service supply are elaborated in detail, and the research results of academic circles on policy choices for eliminating rural poverty are systematically introduced, and the relevant results of domestic and foreign scholars in studying rural poverty and the poverty reduction effect of rural public service supply are systematically sorted out from different levels, and the concepts of poverty and rural public services are defined. It is helpful to better grasp the research status of rural public service supply and poverty, and consolidate the theoretical foundation of the subject research. Secondly, understanding the status of public service supply and poverty in rural areas is helpful to better grasp the typical problems and basic situation of rural poverty in China. To this end, the research group used the national poverty population statistics and the macro statistics of rural public service supply to summarize the overall characteristics of China's rural public service supply from the aspects of rural education development, rural medical and health development, rural infrastructure construction, rural cultural facilities construction and rural social security development, and summarized the total amount of rural public service supply, the imbalance between supply and demand structure, and the urban-rural imbalance of public service supply in the process of rural public service supply. Typical problems such as inefficient rural public service supply are elaborated, and the root causes of these problems are analyzed. At the same time, the basic situation and typical characteristics of rural poverty in China are descriptively analyzed, and it is concluded that the problems of deep poverty in China's current poverty alleviation and development work are still prominent, the effect of industrial poverty alleviation needs to be improved, the efficiency of poverty alleviation resource allocation is low, and the performance evaluation mechanism of poverty alleviation is not perfect, so as to have a preliminary understanding of China's rural poverty situation, which is helpful to deeply study the poverty reduction effect of rural public service supply, and put forward more targeted policy suggestions. Thirdly, the role mechanism of poverty reduction of different types of rural public service supply was analyzed from the aspects of rural basic education, rural medical and health care, rural infrastructure, rural cultural facilities and rural social security system, and the specific path of rural public service supply affecting poverty was explored. On the basis of systematically introducing the basic principles of DEA model, three-stage DEA model and Malmquist index model, a comprehensive evaluation index system of rural public service supply efficiency including input indicators, output indicators and environmental variables was constructed, and then the three-stage DEA model and Malmquist index model were used to measure the rural public service supply efficiency values of 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China from 2011 to 2016. The static and dynamic changes of rural public service supply efficiency at the overall and provincial levels in China were explored, and it was found that the average technical efficiency and the average pure technical efficiency of all provinces in China were underestimated, and after excluding environmental factors and random error factors, the technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of most provinces were greatly improved compared with the traditional DEA model evaluation results, indicating that it is reasonable and necessary to use the three-stage DEA model to evaluate the rural public service supply efficiency at the provincial level in China. At the same time, the growth rate of total factor productivity of rural public services in China since 2011 has been 10.9%, indicating that the efficiency of rural public service supply in China has shown an upward trend as a whole, and the efficiency of rural public service supply in most provinces in the country has shown an increasing trend, of which technological progress is the main reason for the growth of total factor productivity of rural public services in China; From the regional level, the total factor productivity index value of rural public services in the central region is the highest, followed by the eastern region and the lowest in the western region. Thirdly, the indices and methods for measuring rural poverty such as poverty incidence, Engel coefficient method, income ratio method, FGT poverty index, Martin method, etc., as well as the systematic generalized moment estimation method in the econometric analysis method, and then use the poverty incidence rate and Engel coefficient method to measure the rural poverty degree of various provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China, select the panel data composed of 24 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China from 2011 to 2016, and use the two-step systematic generalized moment estimation method for empirical testing. It is found that the improvement of the efficiency of rural public service supply in China has produced obvious poverty reduction effect, significantly reduced the rural poor population, among which, the poverty reduction effect of rural public service supply is the largest, the poverty reduction effect of agricultural labor productivity is second, the poverty reduction effect of industrial structure and rural surplus labor transfer ranks third and fourth, while the poverty reduction effect of urbanization and opening up is not significant, and it has not had a mitigating effect on the reduction of rural poor population. Further analysis shows that the three types of rural public service supply of rural basic education, rural medical and health care and rural infrastructure have played an important role in poverty reduction and income increase, significantly reducing the rural poor population, while the poverty reduction effect of rural cultural undertakings and rural social security is not obvious, among which rural infrastructure has the largest poverty reduction effect, basic education has the second poverty reduction effect, and medical and health has the smallest poverty reduction effect. Finally, on the basis of theoretical analysis, combined with the empirical analysis of the poverty reduction effect of rural public service supply and various types of rural public service supply, the main factors affecting the poverty reduction effect of rural public service supply are identified, and then the rural public service supply is integrated into the poverty reduction framework design, according to the policy objectives and social and economic development in different periods, from improving the efficiency of rural public service supply, optimizing the supply and demand structure of rural public service, From the perspective of improving the poverty reduction effect of rural public service supply, relevant policy suggestions are put forward, specifically: first, vigorously develop rural education and enhance the endogenous driving force of poverty alleviation; The second is to strengthen rural infrastructure construction and lay a solid foundation for poverty alleviation; The third is to improve the rural medical service system and improve the level of medical services; Fourth, improve the rural social security system and improve the level of social security; Fifth, strengthen the role of cultural undertakings in poverty reduction and comprehensively change the appearance of rural areas; The sixth is to promote the optimization and innovation of supply models, focus on increasing effective supply, and then provide theoretical reference for improving the poverty reduction effect of China's rural public service supply, achieving targeted poverty alleviation and stable poverty alleviation, and accelerating rural revitalization. Keywords: rural public service supply; targeted poverty alleviation; Poverty alleviation（AI翻译）