以城市商业银行、农村商业银行、村镇银行等为代表的地方中小银行快速发展，它们的数量、规模、市场份额和竞争力持续提升，地方中小银行已经成为我国银行业的重要组成部分。但不能忽视的是，当前地方中小银行在发展过程中，出现不少问题，突出表现在独立性不够、特色化不明显、竞争力不足等方面。地方中小银行的改革和发展，一方面可以学习国外中小银行的经验，另一方面从中国地方中小银行历史中找到经验教训。近代中国县银行就是地方中小银行中较为典型的一类。本书以采集梳理的史料为基础，运用经济学和金融学理论研究近代中国县银行。全面阐述和分析1915—1949年中国县银行的结构和绩效，以期总结出可供现代地方中小银行改革和发展学习借鉴的经验教训。

本书以近代中国县银行的起源和发展脉络为基础，以县银行的结构和绩效为主线研究，得出县银行的研究结论与启示。文章包括三部分，共六章。

第一部分是导论，即第一章。该部分总启全文，阐述了文章的选题背景和研究目的，综述县银行的资料和相关研究情况，还阐述了本书的研究思路与研究方法、创新与不足、理论基础及相关概念界定等。

第二部分是正文，即第二章至第五章。主要内容有：

第二章近代中国县银行起源与发展。在介绍县银行产生背景的基础上，简要回顾西方银行思想如何引入中国，并得以萌芽和发展，最终产生县银行思想。阐述县银行的发展历程。内容如下：第一，总结西方银行思想在中国出现、萌芽、发展，以及县银行思想的产生。西方银行思想传入中国后逐渐分化，其中的银行专业化思想和地方银行思想逐步结合，产生了县地方农工银行思想，即县银行思想。第二，回顾县银行的起源、探索与兴衰历程。1915—1940年是县银行的起源与探索阶段。这一阶段的县银行包括县农工银行和其他以县域为营业范围的县域银行。在此期间，县银行发展缓慢甚至一度停滞。1940—1949年是县银行的发展与衰亡阶段。1940年《县银行法》的诞生标志着县银行进入了新时期。在国民政府的大力支持下，县银行数量迅速增加和覆盖范围迅速扩大，实现了一定程度的发展。1947年以后，县银行走向衰亡。

第三章近代中国县银行治理结构及其变迁。结合县银行官商合资的特点，围绕股权结构、组织结构和激励约束机制三个方面分析近代中国县银行的治理结构。主要内容如下：第一，县银行官商合资的股权结构。县银行的资本主要来自股权融资，包括官股和商股两个部分。县银行股权结构在农工银行时期，县银行的官商股份比例没有统一的要求，各地区各类县银行都有所不同。《县银行法》颁布以后，各地县银行都遵守官股比例不得超过一半的要求。第二，县银行的组织结构。县银行的外部组织结构采用单一银行制，一般不设立分支机构与跨区域经营的银行体制。县银行内部组织结构具有现代股份公司制的特点。第三，县银行的激励约束机制。可分为行政性激励约束机制、市场性激励约束机制两大类。行政性激励约束机制主要有：行政性官股高管选拔机制、官本位官股高管用人机制、银行经营管理人员职务变动和收入分配的行政性管理激励约束机制。市场性激励约束机制主要有：根据市场化的方式选拔商股高管的机制；商股高管的市场化用人机制；县银行高管的市场化权力激励约束机制。

第四章近代中国县银行业务结构及其变迁。本章围绕县银行的政策性业务和市场化业务两个方面，分析近代中国县银行的业务结构。主要内容如下：第一，县银行的政策性业务。按照业务规模的大小，政策性业务的重点是业务规模相对较大的政策性存款、放款和代理业务。政策性存款业务由公库存款和政府机构存款两部分构成。政策性放款的表现形式有公库透支和直接放款两种。代理业务主要有代理募集政府公债和辅币券等。第二，县银行的市场化业务。按照业务规模的大小，市场化业务以存款、放款和汇兑业务为主，重点是县银行的商业性存款的来源、分类、存款利率和准备金率。市场化放款是县银行最主要的放款方式，重点介绍市场化放款的用途、方式、利率等。

第五章近代中国县银行绩效及其变迁。根据县银行的目标和特点，构建县银行绩效评价体系，包括宏观、中观和微观三个方面。主要内容如下：第一，从县银行对县域经济金融业的绩效和县银行对新县制建设、战时经济金融政策等落实情况及其效果，考察县银行的宏观经济绩效和宏观政治绩效。第二，从县银行与县域银行业的构成、县银行的行业竞争力和市场占有率，分析县银行的中观绩效。第三，从经营绩效、组织绩效、人员绩效三个方面，分析县银行的微观绩效。

第三部分是结论与启示，即第六章。主要内容有：

第六章在县银行结构和绩效研究的基础上，得出结论和启示。

根据本书的研究内容，得出有关近代中国县银行治理结构、业务结构、绩效和发展变迁的四点结论：一是近代中国县银行治理结构的核心是官股与商股的关系；二是近代中国县银行业务结构的重心由市场化业务到政策性业务的转变；三是近代中国县银行绩效水平有限的根源是核心竞争力不足；四是近代中国县银行发展由诱致性变迁到强制性变迁的转变。

根据研究内容和结论，结合目前地方中小银行的实际，得到三点启示：一是地方中小银行发展需要厘清政府与银行的关系；二是地方中小银行发展需要构建合理的治理结构；三是地方中小银行需要明确服务地方的发展战略。

本书的创新之处主要有三点：一是研究内容的创新。近年来，有关近代中国地方中小银行的研究较少，其中近代中国县银行的研究成果仅有数篇学术论文，尚未发现县银行发展整个时期的系统性研究成果。本书为近代中国银行史，特别是地方中小银行史的研究做出了积极的探索。二是研究视角的创新。在目前发现的近代中国县银行研究成果中，主要对县银行的某一时段或某一方面的研究。尚未发现从银行结构和绩效角度，对近代中国县银行整个发展阶段的研究成果。三是研究资料的创新。本书研究过程中，通过在国家图书馆、四川省档案馆、贵州省档案馆等史料保存机构实地查阅，以及民国期刊、书籍、网络数据库等渠道，收集部分一手和二手资料，其中一些资料是首次公开使用。

关键词：近代中国；县银行；结构；绩效

Abstract

Lo cal small and medium-sized banks,represented by urban commercial banks,rural commercial banks and rural banks,have developed rapidly.The number,s cale,market share and competitiveness of lo cal small and medium-sized banks continue to improve,which has become an important part of China's banking industry.However,we cannot ignore that there are many problems in the development of lo cal small and medium-sized banks,such as lack of independence,lack of distinctive characteristics and lack of competitiveness.The reform and development of lo cal small and medium-sized banks,on the one hand,can learn from the experience of foreign small and medium-sized banks,on the other hand,we can find experience and lessons from the history of lo cal small and medium-sized banks in China.In modern China,county banks are a typi cal type of lo cal small and medium-sized banks.Based on the collected histori cal materials,this book uses the theories of economics and finance to study the county banks in modern China,comprehensively expounds and analyzes the structure and performance of China's county banks from 1915 to 1949,in order to summarize the experience and lessons for the reform and development of modern lo cal small and mediumsized banks.

Based on the origin and development of county banks in modern China,this book takes the structure and performance of county banks as the main line of study and draws the research conclusions and enlightenment of county banks.It consists of three parts and six chapters.

The first part is the introduction,namely the first chapter.This part introduces the full text,describes the background and research purpose of the article,summarizes the data and related research situation of the county bank,and expounds the research ideas and research methods,innovation and deficiency,theoreti cal basis and related concept definition of this book.

The second part is the main body,namely the second chapter to the fifth chapter.The main contents are as follows：

The second chapter is the origin and development of county banks in modern China.On the basis of introducing the background of the county bank,this chapter briefly reviews how the western bank thought was intro-duced into China,and then it sprouted and developed,and finally pro-duced the county bank thought.This chapter expounds the development process of County bank.The contents are as follows: first,summarize the emergence,germination and development of Western banking thought in China,as well as the emergence of county bank thought.After the intro-duction of western banking thought into China,the thought of bank spe-cialization gradually combined with the thought of lo cal bank,resulting in the thought of county lo cal Agricultural and Industrial Bank,that is,the thought of county bank.Second,review the origin,exploration,rise and fall of County bank.1915-1940 is the origin and exploration stage of county bank.The county banks in this stage include County Agricultural and Industrial banks and other county banks whose business scope is coun-ty.During this period,the development of county banks was slow and even stagnated.The period from 1940 to 1949 was the stage of development and decline of county banks.The birth of“County Bank Law”in 1940 marks that county bank has entered a new period.With the strong support of the national government,the number of county banks increased rapidly,and the coverage expanded rapidly.After 1947,the county bank declined.

The third chapter analyzes the governance structure of county banks in modern China.Combined with the characteristics of joint venture between government and business of county banks,this paper analyzes the governance structure of county banks in modern China from three aspects:ownership structure,organizational structure and incentive and restraint mechanism.The main contents are as follows: first,the equity structure of the joint venture of county banks.The capital of county bank mainly comes from equity financing,including official shares and commercial shares.The equity structure of county bank in the period of Agricultural and Industrial Bank had no uniform requirement for the proportion of official and commercial shares of County bank.After the promulgation of the“county bank law”,all the county banks comply with the requirement that the proportion of official shares should not exceed half.Second,the organizational structure of county banks.The external organizational structure of county banks adopts a single banking system,and generally does not set up branches and cross regional banking system.The internal organizational structure of county bank has the characteristics of modern stock company system.The administrative incentive and restraint mechanismmainly include:the selection mechanism of administrative official stock executives,the employment mechanism of senior executives based on official shares,the administrative management incentive and restraint mechanism of bank managers' job changes and income distribution.The market incentive and restraint mechanismmainly include: the mechanism of selecting commercial stock executives according to the market-oriented way; the market-oriented employment mechanism of commercial stock executives;and theMarket-oriented Power incentive and restraint mechanism of County bank executives.

The fourth chapter is the business structure of the county banks in modern China.This chapter analyzes the business structure of county banks in modern China from two aspects: policy business and market-oriented business.The main contents are as follows: first,the policy business of County bank.According to the size of business,the focus of policy business is policy deposit,loan and agency business with relatively large business s cale.Policy deposit business consists of two parts:public deposit and government institution deposit.There are two forms of policy lending:overdraft and direct lending.Agency business mainly includes raising government bonds and auxiliary currency bonds.Second,the market-oriented business of county banks.According to the size of the business,the market-oriented business is mainly composed of deposit,loan and exchange business,focusing on the source,classification,deposit interest rate and reserve ratio of commercial deposits of county banks.Market oriented lending is the most important lending mode of county banks.This chapter focuses on the purpose,mode and interest rate of market-oriented loan.

Chapter five studies the performance of county banks in modern China.According to the objectives and characteristics of county banks,the performance evaluation system of county banks is constructed,including macro,meso and micro aspects.The main contents are as follows: first,from the performance of county banks to the economic and financial industry of the county,and the implementation of the new county system construction and wartime economic and financial policies and their effects,the macroeconomic performance and macro politi cal performance of county banks are investigated.Second,from the composition of county banks,banks system in county area,industry competitiveness and market share of county banks,the chapter analyzes the meso performance of county banks.Thirdly,it analyzes the micro performance of county banks from three aspects of business performance,organizational performance and personnel performance.

The third part is the conclusion and enlightenment,namely the sixth chapter.The main contents are the conclusion and enlightenment of the sixth chapter.On the basis of the research on the structure and performance of county banks,the conclusion and enlightenment are drawn

According to the research contents of this book,four conclusions about the governance structure,business structure,performance and development of county banks in modern China are drawn: first,the core of the governance structure of county banks in modern China is the relationship between official shares and commercial shares; second,the focus of the focus of business structure of county banks in modern China has changed frommarket-oriented business to policy-based business; thirdly,the root of the limited performance level of county banks in modern China is the lack of core competitiveness; fourthly,the development of county banks in modern China has changed from induced changes to mandatory changes.

According to the research content and conclusion,combined with the actual situation of lo cal small and medium-sized banks,we can get three enlightenments: first,the development of lo cal small and medium-sized banks needs to clarify the relationship between the government and banks;second,the development of lo cal small and medium-sized banks needs to build a reasonable governance structure; third,lo cal small and medium-sized banks need to clearly serve the lo cal development strategy

There are three innovations in this book: the first is the innovation of research content.In recent years,there are few studies on the lo cal small and medium banks in modern China.Among them,there are only a few academic papers on the research results of county banks in modern China,and the systematic research results of the whole period of the development of county banks have not been found.This book makes a positive exploration for the history of modern Chinese banks,especially the history of lo cal small and medium-sized banks.The second is the innovation of research perspective.At present,the research results of county banks in modern China mainly focus on a certain period or aspect of county banks.There is no research on the whole development stage of county banks in modern China from the perspective of bank structure and performance.The third is the innovation of research materials.In the process of research,some first-hand and second-hand materials were collected through on-the-spot inspection in the National Library of China,Sichuan Provincial Archives,Guizhou Provincial Archives and other histori cal data preservation institutions,as well as journals,books,and network databases of the Republic of China,some of which were used publicly for the first time.

Key words: Modern China; County bank; structure; performance

Local small and medium-sized banks, represented by urban commercial banks, rural commercial banks, village and town banks, have developed rapidly, and their number, scale, market share and competitiveness have continued to increase, and local small and medium-sized banks have become an important part of China's banking industry. However, it cannot be ignored that in the current development process of local small and medium-sized banks, there are many problems, which are highlighted in insufficient independence, lack of obvious characteristics, and insufficient competitiveness. The reform and development of local small and medium-sized banks can learn from the experience of foreign small and medium-sized banks on the one hand, and learn lessons from the history of local small and medium-sized banks in China on the other hand. In modern China, county banks are a typical type of local small and medium-sized banks. Based on the historical materials collected and combed, this book uses economic and financial theories to study county banks in modern China. Comprehensively expound and analyze the structure and performance of county banks in China from 1915 to 1949, in order to summarize the lessons learned from the reform and development of modern local small and medium-sized banks. Based on the origin and development context of county banks in modern China, this book takes the structure and performance of county banks as the main line of research, and draws the research conclusions and enlightenment of county banks. The article consists of three parts with six chapters. The first part is the introduction, the first chapter. This part summarizes the full text, expounds the background and research purpose of the article, summarizes the information and related research situation of the county bank, and also expounds the research ideas and research methods, innovations and shortcomings, theoretical basis and related concept definition of the book. The second part is the main text, i.e. chapters II to V. The main contents are: Chapter 2: The Origin and Development of County Banks in Modern China. On the basis of introducing the background of the emergence of county banks, this paper briefly reviews how Western banking ideas were introduced into China, and germinated and developed, and finally produced the county bank ideas. Explain the development history of the county bank. The content is as follows: First, it summarizes the emergence, germination and development of Western banking ideas in China, as well as the emergence of county banking ideas. After the introduction of Western banking ideas into China, they gradually diverged, and the ideas of bank specialization and local banks were gradually combined, resulting in the idea of county and local agricultural and industrial banks, that is, the idea of county banks. Second, review the origin, exploration, rise and fall of county banks. The period from 1915 to 1940 was the origin and exploration of the county bank. County banks at this stage include the County Agricultural and Industrial Bank and other county banks with the county as their business scope. During this period, the development of the county bank was slow or even stagnant. The period from 1940 to 1949 was the period of development and decline of the county bank. The birth of the County Banks Act in 1940 marked the beginning of a new era for County Banks. With the strong support of the national government, the number of county banks has increased rapidly and its coverage has expanded rapidly, achieving a certain degree of development. After 1947, the county bank went into decline. Chapter 3: The Governance Structure of County Banks in Modern China and Its Changes. Combined with the characteristics of government-business joint ventures of county banks, the governance structure of county banks in modern China is analyzed from three aspects: equity structure, organizational structure and incentive and constraint mechanism. The main contents are as follows: First, the shareholding structure of the government-business joint venture of the county bank. The capital of the county bank mainly comes from equity financing, including two parts: official shares and commercial shares. During the period of the Agricultural and Industrial Bank, there was no uniform requirement for the proportion of official and commercial shares of county banks, and various types of county banks were different in different regions. After the promulgation of the County Banking Law, county banks in all localities have complied with the requirement that the proportion of official shares should not exceed half. Second, the organizational structure of the county bank. The external organizational structure of county banks adopts a single banking system, and generally does not have branches and cross-regional banking systems. The internal organizational structure of the county bank has the characteristics of a modern joint-stock company system. Third, the incentive and constraint mechanism of county banks. It can be divided into two categories: administrative incentive and constraint mechanism and market incentive constraint mechanism. The administrative incentive and constraint mechanism mainly includes: the selection mechanism of administrative officials and stock executives, the employment mechanism of officials and stock executives, and the administrative management incentive and constraint mechanism of bank operation management personnel for job changes and income distribution. The market-based incentive and constraint mechanism mainly includes: the mechanism for selecting and promoting senior executives of commercial stocks according to the market-oriented method; Market-oriented employment mechanism for senior executives of commercial stocks; The market-oriented power incentive and constraint mechanism of county bank executives. Chapter Four: The Business Structure of County Banks in Modern China and Its Changes. This chapter analyzes the business structure of county banks in modern China by focusing on the two aspects of policy business and market-oriented business of county banks. The main contents are as follows: First, the policy business of the county bank. According to the size of the business scale, the focus of policy business is policy deposit, lending and agency business with a relatively large business scale. The policy deposit business consists of two parts: public treasury funds and government agency deposits. There are two forms of policy-based lending: overdraft from the public treasury and direct lending. The agency business mainly includes agency fundraising of government bonds and auxiliary currency bonds. Second, the market-oriented business of county banks. According to the size of the business, the market-oriented business is mainly deposit, lending and foreign exchange business, focusing on the source, classification, deposit interest rate and reserve ratio of commercial deposits of county banks. Market-oriented lending is the most important lending method of county banks, focusing on the purpose, method and interest rate of market-oriented lending. Chapter 5: The Performance and Changes of County Banks in Modern China. According to the goals and characteristics of county banks, build a performance evaluation system for county banks, including macro, meso and micro. The main contents are as follows: First, examine the macroeconomic performance and macro-political performance of county banks from the performance of county banks to the county economic and financial industry, the implementation and effects of county banks on the construction of the new county system and wartime economic and financial policies. Second, from the composition of county banks and county banking industries, the industry competitiveness and market share of county banks, the meso performance of county banks is analyzed. Third, analyze the micro performance of county banks from three aspects: business performance, organizational performance and personnel performance. The third part is Conclusion and Revelation, Chapter 6. Chapter 6 draws conclusions and enlightenment on the basis of the county bank structure and performance study. According to the research content of this book, four conclusions are drawn about the governance structure, business structure, performance and development changes of county banks in modern China: first, the core of the governance structure of county banks in modern China is the relationship between official stocks and commercial stocks; Second, the focus of the business structure of county banks in modern China has changed from market-oriented business to policy-oriented business; Third, the root cause of the limited performance level of modern Chinese county banks is the lack of core competitiveness; Fourth, the development of county banks in modern China has changed from inducing changes to mandatory changes. According to the research content and conclusions, combined with the current reality of local small and medium-sized banks, three enlightenments are obtained: First, the development of local small and medium-sized banks needs to clarify the relationship between the government and banks; Second, the development of local small and medium-sized banks needs to build a reasonable governance structure; Third, local small and medium-sized banks need to clarify the development strategy of serving the local area. There are three main innovations in this book: First, the innovation of research content. In recent years, there have been few studies on local small and medium-sized banks in modern China, among which there are only a few academic papers on the research results of modern Chinese county banks, and no systematic research results have been found in the whole period of county bank development. This book makes an active exploration for the study of the history of modern Chinese banks, especially the history of local small and medium-sized banks. The second is the innovation of research perspectives. Among the research results of county banks in modern China found so far, it is mainly a study of a certain period or aspect of county banks. No research results have been found on the entire development stage of modern Chinese county banks from the perspective of bank structure and performance. The third is the innovation of research materials. In the course of the research of this book, some primary and secondary materials were collected through on-site access to historical preservation institutions such as the National Library, Sichuan Provincial Archives, and Guizhou Provincial Archives, as well as Republican periodicals, books, and online databases, some of which were publicly used for the first time. Keywords: modern China; County banks; Structure; AbstractLo cal small and medium-sized banks,represented by urban commercial banks,rural commercial banks and rural banks,have developed rapidly. The number,s cale,market share and competitiveness of lo cal small and medium-sized banks continue to improve,which has become an important part of China's banking industry. However,we cannot ignore that there are many problems in the development of lo cal small and medium-sized banks,such as lack of independence,lack of distinctive characteristics and lack of competitiveness. The reform and development of lo cal small and medium-sized banks,on the one hand,can learn from the experience of foreign small and medium-sized banks,on the other hand,we can find experience and lessons from the history of lo cal small and medium-sized banks in China.In modern China,county banks are a typi cal type of lo cal small and medium-sized banks. Based on the collected histori cal materials,this book uses the theories of economics and finance to study the county banks in modern China,comprehensively expounds and analyzes the structure and performance of China's county banks from 1915 to 1949,in order to summarize the experience and lessons for the reform and development of modern lo cal small and mediumsized banks. Based on the origin and development of county banks in modern China,this book takes the structure and performance of county banks as the main line of study and draws the research conclusions and enlightenment of county banks. It consists of three parts and six chapters. The first part is the introduction,namely the first chapter. This part introduces the full text,describes the background and research purpose of the article,summarizes the data and related research situation of the county bank,and expounds the research ideas and research methods,innovation and deficiency,theoreti cal basis and related concept definition of this book. The second part is the main body,namely the second chapter to the fifth chapter. The main contents are as follows：The second chapter is the origin and development of county banks in modern China.On the basis of introducing the background of the county bank,this chapter briefly reviews how the western bank thought was intro-duced into China,and then it sprouted and developed,and finally pro-duced the county bank thought. This chapter expounds the development process of County bank. The contents are as follows: first,summarize the emergence,germination and development of Western banking thought in China,as well as the emergence of county bank thought. After the intro-duction of western banking thought into China,the thought of bank spe-cialization gradually combined with the thought of lo cal bank,resulting in the thought of county lo cal Agricultural and Industrial Bank,that is,the thought of county bank. Second,review the origin,exploration,rise and fall of County bank.1915-1940 is the origin and exploration stage of county bank. The county banks in this stage include County Agricultural and Industrial banks and other county banks whose business scope is coun-ty. During this period,the development of county banks was slow and even stagnated. The period from 1940 to 1949 was the stage of development and decline of county banks. The birth of“County Bank Law”in 1940 marks that county bank has entered a new period. With the strong support of the national government,the number of county banks increased rapidly,and the coverage expanded rapidly. After 1947,the county bank declined. The third chapter analyzes the governance structure of county banks in modern China.Combined with the characteristics of joint venture between government and business of county banks,this paper analyzes the governance structure of county banks in modern China from three aspects:ownership structure,organizational structure and incentive and restraint mechanism. The main contents are as follows: first,the equity structure of the joint venture of county banks. The capital of county bank mainly comes from equity financing,including official shares and commercial shares. The equity structure of county bank in the period of Agricultural and Industrial Bank had no uniform requirement for the proportion of official and commercial shares of County bank. After the promulgation of the“county bank law”,all the county banks comply with the requirement that the proportion of official shares should not exceed half. Second,the organizational structure of county banks. The external organizational structure of county banks adopts a single banking system,and generally does not set up branches and cross regional banking system. The internal organizational structure of county bank has the characteristics of modern stock company system. The administrative incentive and restraint mechanismmainly include:the selection mechanism of administrative official stock executives,the employment mechanism of senior executives based on official shares,the administrative management incentive and restraint mechanism of bank managers' job changes and income distribution. The market incentive and restraint mechanismmainly include: the mechanism of selecting commercial stock executives according to the market-oriented way; the market-oriented employment mechanism of commercial stock executives; and theMarket-oriented Power incentive and restraint mechanism of County bank executives. The fourth chapter is the business structure of the county banks in modern China.This chapter analyzes the business structure of county banks in modern China from two aspects: policy business and market-oriented business. The main contents are as follows: first,the policy business of County bank. According to the size of business,the focus of policy business is policy deposit,loan and agency business with relatively large business s cale. Policy deposit business consists of two parts:public deposit and government institution deposit. There are two forms of policy lending:overdraft and direct lending. Agency business mainly includes raising government bonds and auxiliary currency bonds. Second,the market-oriented business of county banks. According to the size of the business,the market-oriented business is mainly composed of deposit,loan and exchange business,focusing on the source,classification,deposit interest rate and reserve ratio of commercial deposits of county banks. Market oriented lending is the most important lending mode of county banks. This chapter focuses on the purpose,mode and interest rate of market-oriented loan. Chapter five studies the performance of county banks in modern China.According to the objectives and characteristics of county banks,the performance evaluation system of county banks is constructed,including macro,meso and micro aspects. The main contents are as follows: first,from the performance of county banks to the economic and financial industry of the county,and the implementation of the new county system construction and wartime economic and financial policies and their effects,the macroeconomic performance and macro politi cal performance of county banks are investigated. Second,from the composition of county banks,banks system in county area,industry competitiveness and market share of county banks,the chapter analyzes the meso performance of county banks. Thirdly,it analyzes the micro performance of county banks from three aspects of business performance,organizational performance and personnel performance. The third part is the conclusion and enlightenment,namely the sixth chapter. The main contents are the conclusion and enlightenment of the sixth chapter. On the basis of the research on the structure and performance of county banks,the conclusion and enlightenment are drawnAccording to the research contents of this book,four conclusions about the governance structure,business structure,performance and development of county banks in modern China are drawn: first,the core of the governance structure of county banks in modern China is the relationship between official shares and commercial shares; second,the focus of the focus of business structure of county banks in modern China has changed frommarket-oriented business to policy-based business; thirdly,the root of the limited performance level of county banks in modern China is the lack of core competitiveness; fourthly,the development of county banks in modern China has changed from induced changes to mandatory changes. According to the research content and conclusion,combined with the actual situation of lo cal small and medium-sized banks,we can get three enlightenments: first,the development of lo cal small and medium-sized banks needs to clarify the relationship between the government and banks; second,the development of lo cal small and medium-sized banks needs to build a reasonable governance structure; third,lo cal small and medium-sized banks need to clearly serve the lo cal development strategyThere are three innovations in this book: the first is the innovation of research content. In recent years,there are few studies on the lo cal small and medium banks in modern China.Among them,there are only a few academic papers on the research results of county banks in modern China,and the systematic research results of the whole period of the development of county banks have not been found. This book makes a positive exploration for the history of modern Chinese banks,especially the history of lo cal small and medium-sized banks. The second is the innovation of research perspective. At present,the research results of county banks in modern China mainly focus on a certain period or aspect of county banks. There is no research on the whole development stage of county banks in modern China from the perspective of bank structure and performance. The third is the innovation of research materials. In the process of research,some first-hand and second-hand materials were collected through on-the-spot inspection in the National Library of China,Sichuan Provincial Archives,Guizhou Provincial Archives and other histori cal data preservation institutions,as well as journals,books,and network databases of the Republic of China,some of which were used publicly for the first time. Key words: Modern China; County bank; structure; performance（AI翻译）