户籍制度是中国社会的一项重要制度安排。当代中国户籍制度正式建立于上个世纪50年代后期。尽管这一制度对中国的工业化做出了巨大的贡献，但是其弊端却不可回避。其最大的弊端是造成了严重的城乡不公平，即国家采用行政手段将社会成员强制性的划分为农业户籍和非农业户籍人口，并且两类户籍社会成员享有不同的权利和权益。在现代社会，坚持公平的理念和原则，是加快经济发展、促进社会整合、实现社会和谐的基础和前提，更是对人的尊严的维护和捍卫的内在要求。本书正是因此选择了城乡公平作为分析的视角，对新中国成立初期建立起来的户籍制度进行分析和研究。在对中国户籍制度的城乡不公平现状进行考察之前，该书首先对公平进行了规范的研究，并在此基础上概括了城乡公平的含义：所谓公平是指人们在社会交往的过程中对各种利益关系的合理分配的期望与诉求；城乡公平，从人的角度，则指城市市民和农民在生存、发展等方面应具有同等的地位、机会、权利等，应被公平对待，从地理区域角度，城乡公平乃指，在城乡两个区域发展过程中，国家应根据这两种区域的不同特点，给予公平的支持，使其各自健康、稳定、持续的发展，并相互促进。结合研究的需要，本书着重从人的权益方面使用城乡公平这一术语。以城乡公平为视角，本书采用文献分析的方法，着重依据相关的法律法规规范文献分析了户籍制度长期运行所造成的城乡公民之间巨大不公平，然后进一步剖析了这种由国家采用行政手段所建立起来的制度其长期运行所造成的严重的社会后果。顺着这个思路，本书追溯了这种城乡二元分立的户籍制度的形成过程，并从多个角度剖析了这一制度的形成原因。在对户籍制度的上述研究后，本书依次从改革开放以来的户籍迁移制度改革、人口流动政策改革和国家对户籍所附加的权益的调整过程三个方面，总结了我国户籍制度改革在促进城乡公平方面所取得的成就与问题，并探讨了造成这些问题的深层次原因。该书最后提出了进一步深化城乡取向的户籍制度改革的目标和具体的对策。本书主要提出了以下观点：一是当代中国户籍制度所造成的城乡不公平涉及公民的政治、经济、社会、文化等基本权利，具有全面性；正是因此，改革开放前，国家才成功地把农民束缚在土地上。不过，这也造成了严重的社会后果，主要有：导致城乡二元社会结构的僵化、制造社会区隔，导致人力资源的浪费与闲置和城市化滞后。二是中国户籍制度的建立既有现实的因素，也有历史、文化的因素，更是与当时的全能主义政治形态密不可分。其中，政治形态因素具有根本性，从这个角度看，中国户籍制度的形成具有必然性。三是改革开放以来中国的城乡公平取向的户籍制度改革尽管取得了一定的成效，但是由于存在着户籍制度改革缺乏系统性，改革过程中地方政府的工具理性取向明显和户籍制度改革过分强调城市化之导向问题，导致户籍制度的改革仍然不到位，与社会期待仍然有很大的差距。出现这些问题的深层次原因是多方面的：一方面，这与政府的有限理性相关，另一方面，与农民权利意识缺乏及其与市民阶层博弈过程中的处于劣势地位有关。更为重要的原因是与地方政府秉持发展主义政绩观密切相关。四是中国户籍制度改革的终极目标是建立一元化户籍制度、保障城乡公民迁徙和居住的平等自由权利、彻底剥离与户籍相联系的权益差别。现实的改革已经为户籍制度改革提供了很好的借鉴。改革应坚持渐进原则、以人为本原则、中央主导与地方探索相结合的原则；切实可行的路径应是创新理念、建立梯度化的户籍迁徙体系、推动相关配套制度的创新与改革。

The household registration system is an important institutional arrangements in the Chinese society.Contemporary Chinese household registration system was established in the late 1950s.Though the system has made tremendous contributions to China's industrialization，its drawback should not be overlooked.The biggest drawback of the system is unfairness between the urban and rural areas，that is to say，people are divided into agricultural and non-agricultural household population with by administrative means of the government，and two types of people have different rights and interests.In modern society，adherence to fairness in idea and principle is not only the basis and prerequisite of accelerating economic development，promoting social integration and achieving social harmony，but also the inherent requirement of preserving and defending human dignity.Therefore，thisthesis chooses to analyze the household registration system from the perspective of the fairness between the urban and rural areas which was set up on the early days of the People's Republic of China.As the first step，the thesis starts with normative research on the concept of fairness，by which it summaries the connotation of the fairness between the urban and rural areas：fairness means people's expectations and aspirations to rational allocation of the various interests in the process of social interaction.As to the fairness between urban and rural areas，it refers to the nonagricultural and agricultural populations should have the same status，oppor-tunities，rights and so on in the process of the survival and development and should be treated fairly in terms of citizenship；on the other hand，from the regional perspective，it means the state should give balanced support to the urban and rural areas to enable them to realize a healthy，stable and sustained development and mutual promotion according to the different characteristics of the two regions.Due to the needs of research，the article understands the fairness between the urban and rural areas in terms of people's rights and interests.From the perspective of the fairness between the urban and rural areas，thethesis studies the great unfairness between the urban and rural areas caused by the long-running of the household registration system by examining the related literature of laws and regulations.And then analyzes the serious social consequences of the system set up by administrative means of the state.Along the thinking，the thesis traces the formation of the household registration system which separates the rural areas with the urban ones and studies the reasons why such a system was built.After all those research，thethesis summaries the achievements and problems of the household registration system reform with respect of the flow between urban and rural areas，population mobility policy and the adjustment of rights and interests attached to the household registration by the state in turn.And the article studies the deeper reasons which caused those problems.Lastly，the thesis puts forward the goal of future reform and specific proposal of the household registration system.The article draws the following conclusions：Firstly，the unfairness between the urban and rural areas，caused by the contemporary household registration system in China，is related to a citizen's fundamental rights in politics，economy，society and culture and has the feature of comprehensiveness.Just because of this，the state can tie the farmers to the land successfully before the reform and opening.At the same time，it also has resulted in serious social consequences，which includes of the rigidity of the urban and rural social structure，social segmentation，waste of human re-sources and urbanization lag.Secondly，the establishment of the household registration system in China is based not only on practical factors，but also on historical and cultural factors，and are closely linked with the totalitarian political forms of the time in particular，among which the latter is more fundamental.Judging from this angle，it is inevitable to set up the contemporary household registration system in China.Thirdly，the reform of household registration system in China has achieved some success in promoting fairness between the urban and rural areas，but there still exist some problems such as the lack of systematic reform，the local government's apparent orientation of the instrumental rationality and the overemphasis on the urban orientation in the process of reform of the household registration system，which results in fact that the reform is still not in place，and there is still a long way compared with the expectations of society.The deeper reasons that cause these problems include many factors.On the one hand，it is attributed to the limited rationality of the government，and on the other hand，it is related to the lack of right awareness of the farmer and their disadvantaged situation when gamed with the urban people.And all important，it is closely related to the performance concept of development doctrine of the local government.Fourthly，the ultimate goal of reform is to establish a unified household registration system，protecting the equal freedom rights of movement and residence of the urban and rural citizens，and is to completely strip of connection of the household registration to rights and interests.The real practices have provided a good reference for the reform of the household registration system.The reform should adhere to the step-bystep and people-oriented principle，and that of the combination of the central dominance and local practice.The realistic and practical approach should be to innovate the idea，establish a gradient household registration migration system，and promote innovation and reform of the supporting system.