摘要：贫攻坚实践为案例，梳理、分析和记录了西藏自治区及墨脱县取得脱贫攻坚战胜利的成果、经验和意义。

脱贫攻坚战打响以来，在中央的特殊关心和全国人民的大力支援下，西藏自治区始终把打赢脱贫攻坚战作为重大政治任务和第一民生工程，把脱贫攻坚作为总揽经济社会发展全局和实施乡村振兴战略的优先任务，消除了西藏千百年来存在的绝对贫困问题，贫困人口物质生活极大改善，精神面貌焕然一新，农牧区生产生活条件发生了翻天覆地的变化，为全面建成小康社会、推进乡村振兴战略和缓解相对贫困问题奠定了坚实基础。墨脱县位于西藏自治区的东南边陲，是门巴族、珞巴族、藏族、汉族等多民族聚居的地区，由于历史和地理原因，曾是深度贫困县。1951年西藏和平解放后，墨脱县经济社会发展逐步进入西藏发展的整体布局。1978年党的十一届三中全会召开后，墨脱县坚持贯彻执行“改革、开放、搞活”的方针政策，经济社会建设呈现出繁荣兴旺的新形势、新气象。从2014年开始，西藏农牧区全面实施精准扶贫、精准脱贫方略，在扶贫项目和资金的投入上，国家对墨脱县的帮扶力度逐年大幅增加。2019年年初，经林芝市委常委会研究确认，正式宣布墨脱县脱贫摘帽。2008年以来，墨脱县交通基础设施发生根本性发展变化，极大推动了经济社会的全面发展。由此，乡乡通电、边境小康村建设等扎实推进，当地人民的生活生产条件发生根本改变。作为脱贫攻坚的重要环节，墨脱县因地制宜，大力发展茶产业等特色经济，茶园成了群众致富的“摇钱树”和游客眼中的“风景线”。独特的地理位置，孕育了墨脱县从高山寒带到热带雨林的丰富多彩、千姿百态的自然资源，加上丰富的宗教、传统文化资源，墨脱县的旅游资源得天独厚，独具优势。1949年中华人民共和国成立后，墨脱县教育面临基础设施落后、教育人才严重匮乏的局面。在全国各级政府及当地人民努力下，墨脱县现代教育事业开始逐步走上发展轨道。自2013年以来，墨脱县严格落实各项惠民政策，大力开展技能培训和扫盲，教育与智力扶贫取得长足进展。在国家、西藏自治区、林芝市，以及对口援助省市的大力帮扶下，墨脱县逐渐摆脱了医疗基础设施落后、百姓缺医少药看病难的状况，形成了医疗卫生机构和人员配置基本完善，全方位对口医疗援助体系逐步形成，医疗卫生事业快速发展、特色鲜明，基层医疗水平和就诊条件不断改善的全新局面。随着西藏脱贫攻坚战的持续推进，在全国支援西藏经济建设的同时，全国对口支援方在人力、物力、财力等方面，大力支持西藏的文化保护、文化发展、文化交流，建设中华民族共同的精神家园。

墨脱县脱贫攻坚的举措包括：（1）形成体系的组织领导机制和责任制度；（2）整合资金资源，形成脱贫攻坚合力；（3）加强基础设施建设，补齐公共设施短板；（4）通过发展特色产业带动脱贫增收；（5）保障公共服务供给，全面提升教育医疗等公共服务水平；（6）充分利用援藏资源，惠及林芝发展。脱贫攻坚成功的经验是：（1）突出组织领导，强化责任落实，形成了一整套脱贫攻坚制度体系；（2）在精准扶贫中整合资金资源，统一规划资金用途；（3）找准特色产业，带动贫困人口脱贫增收；（4）国家对口援藏政策为西藏脱贫事业提供了重要支持。

历史上，西藏长期实行政教合一的封建农奴制，绝大多数藏族群众长期处于贫困境地，难以摆脱悲惨的命运。在中国共产党的坚强领导下，西藏社会实现了由封建农奴制度向社会主义制度的历史性飞跃，西藏发展实现了由贫穷落后向文明进步的伟大跨越。具有中国特色、西藏特点的脱贫经验主要有以下方面：（1）坚持党的领导是根本保证；（2）坚持改善民生是奋斗目标；（3）坚持制度优势是制胜密码；（4）坚持精准方略是根本方法；（5）坚持资源整合是有效举措；（6）坚持群众主体是动力源泉；（7）坚持对口支援是重要支持；（8）坚持党建引领是坚强保障。

关键词：西藏；墨脱县；脱贫攻坚；成功经验

Abstract: This report takes the course of poverty alleviation in the Tibet Autonomous Region and its effective achievements as the background,and the practice of poverty alleviation in Medog County as the case.It also sorts out,analyzes and records the achievements,experience and significance of the victory in poverty alleviation in Medog County,Tibet.

Since the start of poverty alleviation,under the special concern of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and with the immense assistance from the whole nation,the Tibet Autonomous Region has always taken winning the battle against poverty as a major political task and the first livelihood project,and has regarded poverty alleviation as a priority task that takes charge of the overall situation of economic and social development and the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy.The problem of absolute poverty that has existed in Tibet for thousands of years has been eliminated.The material life of the poor people has been greatly improved,their spiritual outlook has been renewed,and the production and living conditions in agricultural and pastoral areas have undergone radical changes.This has laid a solid foundation for building a moderately prosperous society,promoting the rural revitalization strategy and alleviating the problem of relative poverty.Medog County is located on the southeastern border of the Tibet Autonomous Region,and is a multi-ethnic area inhabited mainly by Monpa,Lhoba,Tibetan and Han nationalities.Due to historical and geographical reasons,it used to be a deeply impoverished county.After the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951,the economic and social development of Medog County has come into the overall layout of Tibet's development.After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Party Central Committee of China in 1978,Medog County adhered to the implementation of the principles and policies of“reform,opening up and invigorating”,and the economic and social construction presented a new situation and new atmosphere of prosperity.Since 2014,the agricultural and pastoral areas of Tibet have comprehensively implemented the strategy of targeted poverty alleviation and targeted poverty elimination.The state's assistance to Medog has increased substantially year by year in terms of investment in poverty alleviation projects and funds.At the beginning of 2019,after the research,the Standing Committee of the Nyingchi Municipal Party Committee confirmed the official announcement that Medog County was lifted out of poverty.Since 2008,fundamental development and changes have occurred in the transportation infrastructure of Medog County,which has greatly promoted the overall development of the economy and society.As a result,rural electrification and the construction of moderately prosperous villages on the border have been steadily advanced,and the living and production conditions of the local people have undergone fundamental changes.As an important part of poverty alleviation,Medog County has made great efforts to develop characteristic economy,such as the tea industry according to local conditions.The tea gardens have become“cash cows”for the local people to get rich and a“landscape”in the eyes of tourists.The unique geographical location has nurtured colorful and diverse natural resources from alpine cold zones to tropical rain forests in Medog County.Coupled with rich resources of religion and traditional culture,it enjoys superior tourism resources and has a privileged advantage.After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949,education in Medog County was faced with a situation of backward infrastructure and a serious shortage of educational talents.With the efforts of the governments in China at all levels and local people,modern education in Medog County began to gradually step on the track of development.Since 2013,Medog County has made great progress in education and intellectual poverty alleviation by strictly implementing various policies to benefit the people and vigorously carrying out skills training and literacy.With the strong support of the State,the Tibet Autonomous Region,Nyingchi City,and the counterpart aid to provinces and cities,Medog County has gradually gotten rid of the backward medical infrastructure and the difficult situation of people lacking doctors and medicines.They have gradually formed a new situation of basic perfection of medical and health institutions and personnel allocation,gradual formation of a comprehensive counterpart medical assistance system,the rapid development of medical and health undertakings with distinctive features,and continuous improvement of the primary-level medical care and consultation conditions.As the fight against poverty in Tibet continues to advance,while the whole country supports the economic construction of Tibet,the national counterparts vigorously support cultural preservation,cultural development and cultural exchanges in Tibet in terms of manpower,material and financial resources,and build the common spiritual home of the Chinese nation.

The initiatives for poverty alleviation in Medog County include:1.Forming a systematic organizational leadership mechanism and responsibility system.2.Integrating capital resources to form a joint force for poverty alleviation.3.Strengthening infrastructure construction and addressing the weaknesses of public facilities.4.Driving poverty alleviation and income increase through the development of characteristic industries.5.Safeguarding the supply of public services and comprehensively improving the level of public services,such as education,and medical care.6.Making full use of Tibet aid resources to benefit the development of Nyingchi.The successful experiences of poverty alleviation are as follows:1.Highlighting organizational leaders,strengthening responsibility for implementation,and forming a whole set of institutional systems for poverty alleviation.2.Integrating capital resources in targeted poverty alleviation and unifying the planning of capital uses.3.Identifying characteristic industries to drive poor people out of poverty and increase their income.4.The State's policy of counterpart assistance to Tibet has provided important support for the cause of poverty alleviation in Tibet.

Historically,Tibet had long practiced the feudal serfdom with the unity of politics and religion,leaving the vast majority of Tibetan people in poverty for a long time,and making them difficult to escape from their miserable fate.Under the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China,Tibetan society has realized a historic leap from feudal serfdom to socialism,and Tibetan development has achieved a great leap from poverty and backwardness to civilization and progress.The experience of poverty alleviation with Chinese characteristics and Tibetan features mainly includes the following aspects: 1.Insisting that the Party's leadership is the fundamental guarantee.2.Insisting that the improvement of people's livelihood is the goal.3.Insisting that the system advantage is the winning code.4.Insisting that the precise strategy is the fundamental method.5.Insisting that the integration of resources is an effective measure.6.Insisting that the mass as the main body is the source of motivation.7.Insisting that the paired assistance is an important support.8.Insisting that the leading of Party building is a strong guarantee.

Key Words: Tibet,Medog County,Poverty Alleviation,Successful Experience