谬误研究有着源远流长的治学传统，因而在逻辑学学科中占据重要地位。亚里士多德的《工具论》（Organon）是逻辑学的原始“孵化器”，凭借其中的《前分析篇》（Prior Analytics）和《辩谬篇》（On So phistical Fefutations），逻辑学衍生出两条基本的研究进路：其一是“求真”的形式理论；其二是“辨假”的谬误理论。然而，二者的发展命运却大相径庭。经由“三段论”至“命题逻辑”，再到崛起于20世纪初的“数理逻辑”，形式理论已然成为现代逻辑学科的佼佼者。反观谬误理论，它将两千多年前的传统治学方法及观念一直沿用至今，从而在理论创新层面鲜有质的飞跃。在这种情况下，加拿大学者约翰·伍兹对谬误理论进行了颠覆性研究，进而使这一垂死的研究领域重获新生。伍兹给谬误研究领域带来了两次重大突破：第一次，伍兹与沃尔顿运用现代逻辑的形式方法对传统谬误问题进行刻画与分析；第二次，伍兹形成了独立的基于“认知经济”的新型谬误观，并以此为基础构建了基于当代心理学与认知科学的自然化逻辑。自然化逻辑为最新的逻辑学“自然转向”提供了理论基础。

基于上述情况，本书的创新点有四点。首先，伍兹的谬误研究生涯已延续了四十余年，这就意味着其谬误思想体系异常庞大。通过将这一思想体系分为前、近两个时期进而将其完整且逻辑地呈现出来。其次，以“经验发生学”为工具分析了伍兹由“前期思想”向“近期思想”转变的深层原因，并通过与伍兹通信探讨从而证实了文章的观点。再次，将伍兹的思想置于整个西方谬误理论史中考察，并按照古代、近代、现代和当代的次序对史上具有代表性的谬误理论进行了梳理与分期。最后，着重论述了伍兹近期的自然化逻辑理论，对其阐发的“自然转向”观点给予历史性剖析。以此为基础，提出了逻辑学研究的“主体回归”趋势。

关键词 谬误理论；自然化逻辑；自然转向；应用逻辑

Abstract

The subject of this dissertation is the fallacy theories of John Woods,a Canadian logician.It has several features: firstly,Woods' theories are closely linked with western history of fallacy research; secondly,his academic career last a long time,and can be chronologically divided into two periods; thirdly,the theories itself has a strong critical and anti-traditional nature,therefore it is the frontier subject of contemporary logic research.According to this,and follow the objective historical development of Woods' theories to explore the main problems in its different stages.This historical method,which runs through the whole research process,makes this dissertation named“On John Woods' History of Study for Fallacy Theories”.

The basic characteristics of Woods' theory presuppose the research method,and the research method decides the overall structure of the dissertation.In addition to“introduction”,this paper is divided into five research modules with historical succession.First,the classic fallacy theories and their influence on Woods.Second,look back upon the Formal Method in the early and its Pluralistic Methodology.Third,the latest development of naturalized logic and the naturalistic turn in logic.Fourth,draw several conclusions to Woods' fallacy theories.Fifth,the cross study of woods' fallacy theory and its future prospect.On this basis,the research goal or technical route can be formulated as follows:comb through diachronic level along with the synchronic problem analysis,aimed at comprehensive and in-depth investigate Woods' theories,and then make innovative research.

The main innovation points of the dissertation are as follows.First,Woods' research career has lasted more than 40 years,which means that his theoretical ideology is so vast.By separating the theory system into the preceding and the last two periods,it will be presented in a complete and logical way.Second,the“empirical embryology”as the tool analyzes the deep reasons of the Woods' idea transformation from“early thought”to“recent thought”,and through the communication and discusses with Woods to confirmed the views of the paper.Third,set the ideas of the Woods into the whole history of western fallacy theory,and according to the order of the ancient,modern,late modern and contemporary,to study the representative fallacy theories in the history.Fourth,this paper focuses on Woods' recent naturalized logic theory,and gives a historical analysis of his viewpoint of“naturalistic turn in logic”.Based on this,the trend of“subject regression”is put forward.

Keywords: fallacy theory; naturalized logic; naturalistic turn in logic;applied logic