本文在形式语义理论框架下，对现代汉语中领属关系进行分析。领属关系在汉语中主要表现为“NP₁+的+NP₂”短语结构形式。“的”作为领属关系的标记体现领有者与被领有者的领属结构关系。

除了“NP₁的NP₂”领属关系的基本形式之外，汉语中还有大量的存在于句式中的领属结构形式。典型的汉语式话题句中话题与述题中的成分，表消失义的存现句中消失主体与地点名词，领主属宾句中的主语和宾语，抢夺类双宾语中的直接宾语和间接宾语之间都存在领属关系，领属关系同时还与“把”字句和“被”字句中的保留宾语被动句这一小类有联系。

以往的研究主要是从意义的角度对领属进行分类，本文首先从形式化角度对领属关系进行重新的界定和分类。对领属关系的形式刻画存在于词法到句法的各个层面。本文认为，领有者的出现是为了满足语义饱和的需要，领属关系在语言中体现在三个层面上。

第一，词汇语义层面。作为两个名词之间的语义关系，领属关系可以是关系名词的词库信息的一部分，由关系名词直接带入句中并获得解读。关系名词体现的是最典型的领属关系，是领属关系最为紧密的类型。在汉语中体现为不可让渡领属关系类型，即亲属关系以及整体与部分的关系。这类词汇性的领属关系普遍存在于各类语言当中。

除了关系名词的词库信息中含有领属关系信息以外，某些动词的论元结构中也包含着领属关系信息。双宾句式中“抢夺”类动词的论元结构中包含有“来源”这一语义信息，伴随来源出现的是直接宾语与间接宾语之间的领属关系。领有者在论元结构中体现为来源，这一部分信息可隐可现。当“来源”不出现时，论元结构中也相应地不包含领属关系。

第二，结构层面。关系名词以及动词论元结构中所包含的领属关系都属于词汇语义层面的领属意义。领属关系作为一种语义关系同时也是汉语部分句式本身句式语义的一部分。汉语中典型的原位话题句毫无例外地包含有领属关系。领属关系的语义是话题句本身所具有的意义。这种领属关系纯粹是句式语义的要求，句式中的除了领属关系以外，还包括一类特殊的上下义关系的语义类型。名词之间的上下位关系也被认为是一种领属关系。话题句是汉语中常见的句式，话题句包含领属关系。因此领属关系也广泛地存在于汉语当中。

第三，接口层面。除了语义层面以及句式层面产生的领属关系以外，还有一类领属关系是产生在两者之间的接口层面。接口层面的领属关系是句式与动词的词汇意义共同作用的结果。消失义动词出现在存现句的句式，抢夺类动词的被动形式构成话题句都会触发领属关系。此外，领属关系的语义解读还应该包括语用因素，说话者的主观性在句式的选择中起到决定性作用。

本文将领属关系界定为词汇语义标记“的”，话题句以及某一类句式中动词的词条信息所带来的领属关系。三种不同机制触发的领属关系分别属于不同层面的语义类型。关系名词的词汇意义，动词词义与句式相互作用所带来的领属关系属于语义-语用界面的意义，而由句式带来的领属关系则属于语用层面的领属关系。不同层面的领属关系以不同的方式出现，在语义推衍过程中，产生领属关系的节点也不尽相同。

本文所采用的形式化的分析手段使得领属的分类更具有操作性。形式化手段所分出来的领属关系分类边界清晰，能够覆盖更多的语言事实，并具有一定的可预测性。通过对事件结构的分析，揭示不同类型领属关系的呈现方式和理解差异。事件结构的分析，使得领属关系的方向性以及领属关系的产生，相互依赖及互动能够呈现得更为清晰。句法层面的领属关系是能够通过事件结构来进行呈现并进行相应形式化的描写。结合类型论，λ 算子等形式语义学手段对领属结构进行逻辑语义的刻画以及句法语义同步的推导。本文对领属关系所做的形式化分析概括性更强，分类也更加合理清晰，事件结构的分析方法使我们对结构中的领属关系具有了一定的解释力。

关键词：汉语；领属关系；词汇领属；句式领属；结构领属；

Abstract

This book elaborates on a study investigating the possessive relations in Mandarin Chinese in the framework of formal semantics.Possessive relation in Mandarin Chinese is mainly presented in the form of“NP₁+de+NP₂”phrase（wo de shu）.Deis considered to be the possessive marker denoting possessive relation between possessor nominal and possessum nominal and Zhu（1961）illustrates three functions of de.

In addition to“NP₁+de+NP₂”phrase as the basic form for possessive relation,possessive relation is widely embodied between discontinuous constituents in constructions in Mandarin Chinese: between the entity denoted by the topic NP and the entity denoted by a certain NP in comment part of topic sentences; between the disappearing entity and the locative nominal in Existential Constructions; between the entities denoted by the indirect object and direct object in Double Object Constructions; between the entities denoted by the retained objects in some BaConstructions and BeiConstructions.All of these are included in Discontinuous Possession Constructions,which are marked forms expressing possessive relations.

The relevant research is mainly done in the classifications of“NP₁+de+NP₂”phrase from the perspective of the meaning between two nouns contained in attributive phrase.In this book,we try to reclassify possessive relations,employing form standard.The description of possessive relations in formal way refers to each layer from lexicon to syntax.We hold that the establishment of possessive relation is to satisfy unsaturated meaning.Possessive relation is manifested at three different layers.

First,possessive relation can be derived at lexical layer.The compulsory appearance of the possessor mainly results from the requirement of semantic saturation.The information of possessive relation can be stored in the lexicon of relational nouns.In this case,relational nouns introduce possessive relation into constructions to create prototype possession,which is the most solid possession.In Mandarin Chinese,such kind of relation is presented as inalienable possession，which is redefined as referring to kinship relation and part/whole relation.Possessive relation introduced by lexical items is universal in almost all languages.

In addition to relational nouns,possessive information can also be stored in the argument structure of verbs.The verbs in Depriving-type Double Object Constructions include possessive relation information in its argument structure,which is represented in the form of thematic role of source of the indirect object.With the information of source appearing in the construction,the possessive relation between the indirect object and direct object is triggered.What is more,source information can be either overt or covert in the construction.If the source is covert,the possessive relation will not be triggered accordingly.

Second,Topic Construction involves possessive relation.It is generated at structure layer.In typical canonical Topic Constructions in Mandarin Chinese,the possessive meaning is indispensable,which serves as the “topic chain”,combining the topic with the comment.The motivation to include possessive relation is to compose Topic Construction.Occasionally,the possessive relation is represented as the hy ponymy between the topic and certain element in the comment part.Such kind of possessive relation is triggered at syntactic layer.Mandarin Chinese is prominent in its Topic Constructions and Topic Constructions are common and widely exist in Mandarin Chinese.Owing to the relationship between Topic Construction and possessive relation,possessive relation is widely found in Mandarin Chinese as well.

Third,Possessive relation can be derived at syntactic/semantic interface,as the result of the interaction between lexical information of the verb and the semantic meaning of the construction.When verbs denoting the meaning of disappearance occur in Existential Constructions or Depriving-typeDouble Object Construction verbs co-occur with Bei in Topic Construction,the possessive relation will be triggered.

Therefore,we define three types of possessive relations in Mandarin Chinese:

（ⅰ）possessive relation generated at lexical layer.

（ⅱ）possessive relation brought at semantic and syntax interface.

（ⅲ）possessive relation triggered by Topic Construction.

The meanings derived at different levels are of different types.Possessive meaning brought by relational nouns and possessive meaning information brought by verbs belong to the meaning at semantics level.The possession brought by the construction is out of pragmatic motivation.The possessive relations at different levels are derived via different modes.

The form standard we propose makes it easy and feasible to classify possessive relations in Mandarin Chinese.The classifications we draw have a clear border and can cover more language phenomenon.What is more,possessive relation becomes predictable in constructions.The book employs eventuality analysis,since the eventuality analysis can give a clear description and account for the generation of the possessive relation.Through the eventuality analysis,the generation,the interdependence and the interaction of the possessor and pessessum,as well as the direction of the possession transfer can be illustrated more clearly.We may identify the modes in which the possessive relation enters the constructions.With the aid of event semantic theory,combining with Type Theory and λ operator,we attempt to represent formally the derivation process of the possessive relations in eventuality analysis.

The analysis on possessive relations in formal semantic way is more general and the classifications are much clearer.The eventuality analysis enables us to better account for possessive relation.

Keywords:Mandarin Chinese; possessive constructions; lexical possession; structure possession; construction possession；